References - M

This page lists references with citation tags that begin with the letter M. For other references and a documentation on how these references are cited, see the main references page. You can also click on these direct links to the various pages:

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References - M

[Maas 1989] Martha Maas (died 1934) and Jane McIntosh Snyder. Stringed Instruments of Ancient Greece, published by Yale University Press, London, 1989, 288 pages, ISBN 0-300-03686-8 (978-0-300-03686-2).

[MacCauley 1887] Clay MacCauley (died 1843). “The Seminole Indians of Florida”, Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883-'84, published by the United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1887, pages 469–531. Reissued in [MacCauley 2006] . Contains 3 songs.

[MacCauley 2006] Clay MacCauley. “The Seminole Indians of Florida”, Ebook #19155, published by Project Gutenberg, September 1, 2006, retrieved Febuary 7, 2010. Reissue of [MacCauley 1887] . See the Project Gutenberg Ebook #19155 web page. (another edition of this reference)

[MacDonald 2003] Raymond A. R. MacDonald, Laura A. Mitchell, Teresa Dillon, Michael G. Serpell, John B. Davies, and Euan A. Ashley. “An empirical investigation of the anxiolytic and pain reducing effects of music”, Psychology of Music, Volume 31, Number 2, published by the Society for Music Education, 2003, pages 187–203.

Abstract: This article reports two empirical experiments investigating the anxiety and pain reducing effects of listening to music via personal stereo following surgical procedures involving general anaesthetic. Both experiments involved participants selecting music of their own choice. In Experiment 1, following minor surgery on the foot, 20 participants in an experimental group listened to music while 20 participants in a control group did not. Results indicate that the music group felt significantly less anxiety than the control group. No differences in pain measurements between the two groups were found. Experiment 2 involved a music listening group of 30 females and a no music control group of 28 females. Both groups underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy. Postoperative measures of pain, anxiety and patient-controlled analgesia were taken. No differences between the groups were obtained on these measurements. The results of both experiments are discussed with reference to subjective responses to musical stimuli.

[Macdonald-DB 1940] D. Bruce Macdonald. University of Toronto Report of the Board of Governors for the Year Ended 30th June 1939, Sessional Paper No. 12, 1940, published by T. E. Bowman, 1940, 334 pages.

[Maceda 1990] José Maceda. “In Search of a Source of Pentatonic Hemitonic and Anhemitonic Scales in Southeast Asia”, Acta Musicologica, Volume 62, Fasc. 2/3, May–December 1990, pages 192–223. Publication 932633 on JSTOR (subscription access).

Abstract: An oral theory of scale formation in flutes in Southeast Asia is in essence abstract. In aiming at dividing the bamboo tube into halves, an octave is produced. Subdivisions of one-half that tube into proportional segments with stops produce four-tone scales with a variety of intervals. The abstraction is the idea of proportions which has become complex in its transmission through centuries of cultural traditions distributed over a wide geographical area. This divisive principle of scale formation allows for a plurality of scale intervals contrary to a cycle-of-fifths system which produces a unity of scale intervals related to each other by the fifth degree. Hemitonic and anhemitonic scales are an outcome of this principle. In Mindanao they are employed in separate flutes with distinct repertoire and social uses, more clearly practiced in Palawan lutes.

This oral theory is very old, probably antedating the application of scales in ensembles made of bronze and other instruments. It shows that pentatonic systems in Asia may not entirely be based on the cycle-of-fifths theory of scale formation. Dual scales and half or narrow steps in the gamelan and in gagaku have elements in common with the divisive system while following other musical features in the cyclic system of scale formation.

[MacGregor 2000] Arthur MacGregor. “The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford”, 2000, 95 pages.

One citation: The Development of Flutes in Europe and Asia

[Macgregor 2003] Sherry Lou Macgregor. Women in the Neo-Assyrian World: Visual and Textual Evidence from Palace and Temple, doctoral dissertation - University of California, Berkeley, Spring 2003, 296 pages. ProQuest Dissertation #3105304.

[Machado 1983] Antonio Machado (died 1875); Robert Bly (editor, translation). Times Alone: Selected Poems of Antonio Machado, published by the Wesleyan University Press, 1983, 173 pages, ISBN 0-8195-6081-2 (978-0-8195-6081-0).

Two citations: Poetry for the Native American Flute, Poetry and Readings for Memorial Services

[MacNeish 1958] Richard S. MacNeish. “Preliminary Archaeological Investigations in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico”, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Volume 48, Number 6, 1958, pages 1–210. Publication 1005840 on JSTOR (subscription access).

[Madsen 1989] D. B. Madsen. Exploring the Fremont, published by the Utah Museum of Natural History, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 1989, 70 pages.

One citation: The Development of Flutes in North America

[Magne 2002] Martin P. R. Magne and Michael A. Klassen. “A Possible Fluteplayer Pictograph Site Near Exshaw, Alberta”, Canadian Journal of Archaeology, Volume 26, Number 1, published by the Canadian Archaeological Association, 2002, pages 1–24. Publication 41103398 on JSTOR (subscription access).

Abstract: Thirty-five years ago Thelma Habgood described a faint pictograph at the Grotto Canyon site in southwestern Alberta as a possible "Kokopelli" image. Polarized light photography undertaken in 2001 has greatly enhanced the pictograph panel, clearly revealing a possible fluteplayer motif and anthropomorphs that resemble the southwestern Fremont style. Even though certain elements of the panel may have been created at different times, we conclude that the site may be related to Hopi traditions concerning northward travels of the Flute Clan, although other explanations certainly cannot be discounted.

[Mails 1998] Thomas E. Mails. The Pueblo Children of the Earth Mother, published by Marlowe & Company, 1998, 544 pages, ISBN 1-56924-669-6 (978-1-56924-669-6).

[Mainfort 2008] Robert C. Mainfort, Jr. Raiders of the Lost Arkansas, published by The University of Arkansas Press, December 2008, 229 pages, ISBN 1-55728-886-0 (978-1-55728-886-8).

One citation: The Breckenridge Flute

From the publisher's description: Samuel C. Dellinger (1892–1973) made it his life’s work to ensure that future Arkansans would remember their state’s pre-historic past. He gathered nearly eight thousand prehistoric artifacts in order to keep them from going to out-of-state museums — including Harvard’s Peabody, the Field in Chicago, and the Smithsonian Institution — and private collectors. This collection of prehistoric Native American artifacts is now recognized as one of the finest in the country.

[Mair 2006] Victor H. Mair. “Prehistoric European and East Asian Flutes”, contained in [Anderl 2006], 2006, pages 209–216. See the Instphi.Org web site

One citation: The Development of Flutes in Europe and Asia

Lead paragraph: The world's first flutes - which are also the world's first known musical instruments fashioned and played by man - were created in Europe, and were associated with a quantum leap in the overall cognitive, aesthetic, and symbolic abilities of modern human beings during the Upper Paleolithic. The cave art and plastic art from this period and region are rightly celebrated as constituting a remarkable advance in human civilization, and it is possible that modern linguistic capability arose at around the same time, perhaps for similar reasons (the expansion and increased neural complexity of the human brain), although the hominid predecessors of Homo sapiens sapiens admittedly also possessed slowly increasing capacity to represent, express, and communicate.

[Malea 1997] E. Malea, P. Papageorgiou, G. Hourmouziadis, and G. Panagiaris. “Bone Flute from the Prehistoric Lake Settlement from Dispilio Kastoria: Technology and Conservation Problems”, Proceedings of the International Conference: Ancient Greek Technology, Thessalonica, September 4-7, 1997, in Greek, September 1997, pages 525–533.

[Malick 2007] Deonne Malick, Jerry Moon, and John Canady. “Stress Velopharyngeal Incompetence: Prevalence, Treatment, and Management Practices”, Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Journal, Volume 44, Number 4, July 2007, pages 424–433, doi:10.1597/06-176.1

One citation: Breath Pressure in Native American Flutes and Ethnic Wind Instruments

[Malotki 2000] Ekkehart Malotki. Kokopelli: The Making of an Icon, published by the University of Nebraska Press, 2000, 177 pages, ISBN 0-8032-3213-6 (978-0-8032-3213-6), hardcover. Reissued in softcover [Malotki 2004].

One citation: Legends and Myths of the Native American Flute

Description by Julia Glynn of the American Library Association: Kokopelli is one of the favorite images of North American folkloric ideology. The likeness of a flute player with a hump, aged over 1,000 years through the oral and artistic traditions of the Hopi, can be found all over the southwest. Malotki, a professor of languages, analyzes the mystical fascination people have for the Panesque player of the flute. Kokopelli has been used in forms varying from wall decorations to characters in popular literature. Malotki believes that there is a connection between Kokopelli and two of the Hopi gods and uses Hopi text and folktales to share with the reader the many stories surrounding Kokopelli and to reveal what he sees. Throughout this book, numerous samples of the flute player are displayed to show the reader the multiple types of characters that have existed in this form. Anyone interested in the Hopi, or mythological characters, will enjoy this thoroughly intriguing investigation into a Native American legend.

[Malotki 2004] Ekkehart Malotki. Kokopelli: The Making of an Icon, published by the University of Nebraska Press, 2004, 177 pages, ISBN 0-8032-8295-8 (978-0-8032-8295-7), softcover. Reissue of the hardcover [Malotki 2000].

[Mandel 2003] Dorothy Marie Mandel. “Psychophysiological Resilience: A Theoretical Construct Based on Threat Perception and Early Programming of Restorative and Arousal Based Adaptive Mechanisms”, Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, Volume 17, Number 3, March 2003, pages 235–250.

Abstract: Why can some people be exposed to toxins, stressors, or traumatic events and be significantly less affected than others? The author conducts a review of research, constructs a theoretical model psychophysiological resilience, and examines the impact of prenatal and early childhood events on the formation of neural regulatory circuits. Psychophysiological resilience involves psychological, physiological, emotional, and spiritual resilience. Research is cited to support the theory that events occurring during gestation and birth offer clues to sustained adaptive programming that supports species preservation. Research relating the impacts of adaptive vs. maladaptive neurodevelopmental programming on currently relevant issues including psychosocial violence, functional intelligence, and somatic disease processes is cited. Emerging research on the role of the heart and the use of guided imagery and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) biofeedback in rebuilding physiological and emotional adaptive processes of resilience is articulated.

[Mandelbaum 1961] Mayer Joel Mandelbaum. Multuple Division of the Octave and the Tonal Resources of 19-Tone Temperament, Doctoral Dissertation - Indiana University, June 1961, 461 pages.

One citation: Glossary of Native American Flute Terms

[Manniche 1975] Lise Manniche. Ancient Egyptian Musical Instruments, published by Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1975, 111 pages, ISBN 3-422-00827-6 (978-3-422-00827-4).

[Manniche 1988] Lise Manniche. “The Erotic Oboe of Ancient Egypt”, contained in [Hickmann 1988], 1988, pages 189–198.

[Manning 2005] Aubrey Manning. The Sounds of Life, Eight Episodes, published by BBC Radio 4, Broadcast July 26–September 13, 2005. Contains 8 songs.

[Manuel 1995] Peter Manuel. “New Perspectives in American Ethnomusicology”, Revista Transcultural de Música / Transcultural Music Review, Number 1, in Spanish and English, June 1995, retrieved December 19, 2010. ISSN:1697-0101.

[Manzano 2010] Örjan de Manzano, Töres Theorell, László Harmat, and Fredrik Ullén. “The Psychophysiology of Flow During Piano Playing”, Emotion, Volume 10, Number 3, June 2010, pages 301–311, doi:10.1037/a0018432. Publication 20515220 on PubMed/NCBI (subscription access).

Abstract: Expert performance is commonly accompanied by a subjective state of optimal experience called flow. Previous research has shown positive correlations between flow and quality of performance and suggests that flow may function as a reward signal that promotes practice. Here, piano playing was used as a flow-inducing behavior in order to analyze the relationship between subjective flow reports and psychophysiological measures. Professional classical pianists were asked to play a musical piece and then rate state flow. The performance was repeated five times in order to induce a variation in flow, keeping other factors constant, while recording the arterial pulse pressure waveform, respiration, head movements, and activity from the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major facial muscles. A significant relation was found between flow and heart period, blood pressure, heart rate variability, activity of the zygomaticus major muscle, and respiratory depth. These findings are discussed in relation to current models of emotion, attention, and expertise, and flow is proposed to be a state of effortless attention, which arises through an interaction between positive affect and high attention.

[Maor 2002] Eli Maor. Trigonometric Delights, published by Princeton University Press, 2002, 256 pages, ISBN-13 978-0-691-09541-7

[Marcetteau 2008] Myriam Marcetteau. “A Queen's Orchestra at the Court of Mari: New Perspectives on the Archaic Insttrumentarium in the Third Millenium”, ICONEA 2008: Proceedings of the International Conference of Near Eastern Archaeomusicology, held at the British Museum, December 4-6, 2008, published by Iconea Publications, London, 2008, pages 67–75. See the ICONEA web site

[Marco 1996] Guy A. Marco. Checklist of writings on American music, 1640–1992, Volumes 1–2, published by The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1996, 248 pages, ISBN 0-8108-3133-3 (978-0-8108-3133-9).

[Marcus 1993] Scott Marcus. “The Interface between Theory and Practice: Intonation in Arab Music”, Asian Music, Volume 24, Number 2, published by the University of Texas Press, Spring–Summer 1993, pages 39–58. Publication 834466 on JSTOR (subscription access).

One citation: Glossary of Native American Flute Terms

[Marcus-J 2009] Joyce Marcus and Patrick Ryan Williams (editors). “Andean Civilization, a Tribute to Michael E. Moseley”, published by the UCLA Contsen Institute of Archaeology Press, in Spanish, 2009, pages 99–120.

[Marczak 2000] Eric P. Marczak. “Bone Flutes and Whistles of New York”, Voice of the Wind, Year 2000, Volume 4, published by the International Native American Flute Association, Suffolk, Virginia, 2000. See the INAFA web site.

Abstract: Flutes and whistles from the Lamoka Lake and the Frontenac Island cultures are observed, measured, reproduced, and played upon.

[Marett 1991] Allan Marett. Musica Asiatica, Volume 6 By Allan Marett, 1991.

One citation: Perfect Intervals

[Marino 1986] Cesare Marino. “A Preview of the Beltrami Collection with a Note on North American Ethnographic Material in Italian Museums”, Museum Anthropology, Volume 10, Issue 2, April 1986, pages 2–14, doi:10.1525/mua.1986.10.2.2

One citation: The Beltrami Flutes - The Earliest Known Wooden Native American Flute

[Mark 1989] Joan T. Mark. A Stranger in Her Native Land: Alice Fletcher and the American Indians, published by the University of Nebraska Press, 1989, 428 pages, ISBN 0-8032-8156-0 (978-0-8032-8156-1).

[Marks 1974] Meyer Benjamin Marks. “Musical Wind Instruments in Rehabilitation of Asthmatic Children”, The 1974 Bela Schick Memorial Lecture, Annals of Allergy, Volume 33, Number 6, published by the American College of Allergists, December 1974, pages 313–319. Publication 4613211 on PubMed/NCBI (subscription access).

Two citations: Breath Pressure in Native American Flutes and Ethnic Wind Instruments (2)

[Marquis 2007] Thomas Bailey Marquis (photographs); Margot Liberty (editor); John Woodenlegs (contributor). A Northern Cheyenne Album, published by the University of Oklahoma Press, 2007, 286 pages, ISBN 0-8061-3893-9 (978-0-8061-3893-0).

One citation: The Warble

[Marrocco 1964] W. Thomas Marrocco (died 1909) and Harold Gleason (born 1892). Music in America: an anthology from the landing of the pilgrims to the close of the Civil War, 1620-1865, published by W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1964, 371 pages.

[Marshall 1918] John Hubert Marshall (died 1876). A Guide to Sanchi, published by the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, India, 1918, 154 pages. Reissued in [Marshall 1936] and [Marshall 1955].

One citation: The Development of Flutes in Europe and Asia

[Marshall 1936] John Hubert Marshall. A Guide to Sanchi, Second Edition, published by New Society Publications, 1936, 168 pages. Reissue of [Marshall 1918].

[Marshall 1955] John Hubert Marshall. A Guide to Sanchi, Third Edition, published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India, 1955, 168 pages. Reissue of [Marshall 1918].

[Marti 1968] Samuel Marti. Instrumentos Musicales Precortesianos «Pre-Cortez Musical Instruments», Second Edition, published by the Instituto Nacional de Anthropología Historia, Mexico, in Spanish, 1968, 378 pages, ASIN B000KKVMIY. first edition published in 1955.

Three citations: The Development of Flutes in the Americas (3)

[Martin 1952] Paul S. Martin (died 1899), John B. Rinaldo, Elaine Bluhm, Hugh C. Cutler, and Roger Grange, Jr. Mogollon Cultural Continuity and Change — The Stratigraphic Analysis of Tularosa and Cordova Caves, Fieldiana: Anthropology, A continuation of the Anthropological Series of Field Museum of Natural History, Volume 40, published by the Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, U. S. A., November 17, 1952, 528 pages.

Three citations: The Development of Flutes in North America (3)

[Martin 1954] Paul S. Martin, John B. Rinaldo, and Elaine Bluhm. Caves of the Reserve Area, Fieldiana: Anthropology, A continuation of the Anthropological Series of Field Museum of Natural History, Volume 42, published by the Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, U. S. A., June 11, 1954, 227 pages.

From the preface: During the summer of 1952, we continued our archaeological researches of the Mogollon culture of west-central New Mexico. We excavated a large rectangular kiva in an open site and four caves, two of which contain clifF-houses. This work was done under permits issued to Chicago Natural History Museum by the Forest Service, Department of Agriculture.

[Martin-JB 2001] Jack B. Martin. “Southeastern Languages”, published by Jack B. Martin, online, July 24, 2001, 161 pages, retrieved April 12, 2010. See the Jack B. Martin's web site

[Martin-KLH 1976] Katherine Lee Hall Martin. Bone Flutes and Whistles from Archaeological Sites in Eastern North America, Masters dissertation - University of Tennessee, Knoxville, December 1976, 231 pages.

One citation: Roster of Museums, Libraries, and Cultural Sites Related to the Native American Flute

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to systematically classify perforated bone tubes known as flutes or whistles which had been recovered from archaeological sites in eastern North America. A sample was established from specimens described in the literature and additional specimens examined by the author. Sizeable collections in the Rochester Museum and Science Center in Rochester, New York, and the Ohio State Museum in Columbus, Ohio, were measured and photographed by the author. Specimens were also viewed at the McClung Museum in Knoxville, Tennessee.

A descriptive typology was constructed and spatial-temporal and functional correlations were tested against it. Spatial-temporal factors were seen to correlate most highly with factors of morphological construction as reflected in the typology. Functional factors correlated less directly with typological categories. Functional attributes were reviewed under the formal categories of functional performance, functional context and functional use. Under the third category, evidence for use of perforated bone tubes as game calls was found to support such a function in addition to the traditionally ascribed ceremonial function for these artifacts. No spatial-temporal correlations with functional factors could be discerned.

The primary value of this study was in the typological description of a class of artifacts for the first time. Further research using a larger sample was recommended.

[Masao 1976] Fidelis Taliwawa Masao. The Later Stone Age and the Rock Paintings of Central Tanzania, Doctoral dissertation - Simon Fraser University, November 1976, 511 pages.

[Maslowski 1995] Robert F. Maslowski, Charles M. Niquette and Derek M. Wingfield. “The Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia Radiocarbon Database”, West Virginia Archaeologist, Volume 47, Numbers 1–2, 1995.

Abstract: A total of 1919 radiocarbon dates for archeological sites and objects in Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia has been compiled by the Council For West Virginia Archaeology. These data represent most radiocarbon dates available for the region up to August 1996. The database is presented in a tabular format in ascending order of radiocarbon age. The database includes site numbers, site names, components, time periods, lab numbers, radiocarbon age, sigma, calibrated age and references.

[Mason 1944] Bernard S. Mason. Dances and Stories of the American Indian, New York, 1944.

[Masson 1999] Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson; Ahmad Hasan Dani and Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson (editors). History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 1, published by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1999, 535 pages, ISBN 81-208-1407-X (978-81-208-1407-3).

[Masters 2008] Linda S. Masters and Sabrina Tuttle. “The Colorado River Indian Tribes (C.R.I.T.) Reservation and Extension Programs”, University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Publication AZ1461, October 2006, 6 pages.

Two citations: Tribal Identification (2)

Abstract: The following information is provided for use by potential researchers and others who are interested in the Colorado River Indian Tribes Reservation. Historical information and current data are combined to create a picture of the geographical, political, social and cultural aspects of this unique low-desert Reservation.

[Mather 2003] Richard B. Mather, Yue Shen, Tiao Xie, and Rong Wang (died 1913). The Age of Eternal Brilliance: Three Lyric Poets of the Yung-ming Era (483-493), Volume 1, published by Koninklÿke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2003, 367 pages, ISBN 90-04-12059-9 (set).

One citation: The Development of Flutes in Europe and Asia

[Mathews 1893] W. S. B. Mathews. “Indian Music and it Investigators”, Music, Volume 4, 1893, pages 452–456.

[Mathiesen 1984] Thomas J. Mathiesen. “Harmonia and Ethos in Ancient Greek Music”, The Journal of Musicology, Volume 3, Number 3, published by the University of California Press, Summer 1984, pages 264–279. Publication 763816 on JSTOR (subscription access).

[Mathieu 1991] W. A. Mathieu. The Listening Book, published by Shambhala, Boston and London, 1991, 179 pages, ISBN 0-87773-610-3, softcover.

[Mathieu 1994] W. A. Mathieu. The Musical Life, published by Shambhala, Boston and London, 1994, 235 pages, ISBN 0-87773-670-7, softcover.

[Mathieu 1997] W. A. Mathieu. Harmonic Experience: Tonal Harmony from Its Natural Origins to Its Modern Expression, published by Inner Traditions, Rochester, Vermont, 1997, 563 pages, ISBN 0-89281-560-4 (978-0-89281-560-9), hardcover.

One citation: Intervals

[Mathieu 2008] W. A. Mathieu. The Listening Book and The Musical Life, Manifest Spirit Records, MSR-082, 2 CD set, 49 tracks, November 11, 2008, total time 2:33:00, UPC 8-84501-04992-4, audio CD. See the Listening Book and the Musical Life web site

[Matsunobu 2009] Koji Matsunobu. Artful Encounters with Nature: Ecological and Spiritual Dimensions of Music Learning, Doctoral dissertation - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009, 359 pages.

Introduction: Indigenous knowledge is preserved, practiced, and passed down in a variety of ways in contemporary societies including supposedly highly modernized places such as Japan. One example from the pre-modern musical realm is the shakuhachi, a type of bamboo flute that has recently experienced a new wave of attention both inside and outside Japan. This dissertation offers an in-depth analysis of how contemporary music practitioners/educators interpret, appropriate, and practice the tradition of spiritual music both inside and outside Japan, focusing on how they reframe and embody what I identify as indigenous cultural values in today‘s educational settings.

[Matthews 1877] Washington Matthews (died 1843). Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians, Miscellaneous Publications Number 7, published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1877, 239 pages.

One citation: Tribal Identification

[Matthews 1889] Washington Matthews. “Navaho Gambling Songs”, The American Anthropoligist, Volume 2, published by the American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington, Washington, D.C., 1889, pages 1–19.

[Matthews 1894] Washington Matthews. “Songs of Sequence of the Navajos”, The Journal of American Folk-lore, Volume 7, Number 26, July–September 1894, pages 185–194.

[Matthews 1897] Washington Matthews. Navaho Legends — with Introduction, Notes, Illustrations, Texts, Interlinear Translations, and Melodies, The American Folk-lore Society series, published by Houghton, Mifflin and Company, London and Leipzig, 1897, 299 pages, hardcover. Contains 1 song.

Two citations: Poetry for the Native American Flute, Readings and Quotations on Music

[Matthews 1907] Washington Matthews; Pliny Earle Goddard (editor) (1869–1928). “Navaho Myths, Prayers and Songs, with Texts and Translations”, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Volume 5, Number 2, published by the University of California Press, Berkeley, September 1907, pages 21–63.

[Matthews A] Andrea Matthews. Four Corners — Native flute tunes inspired by the American Southwest (song book). Nakai tablature notation and sheet music, no finger diagrams.

[Matzner 2003] Shari A. Matzner. “Heart Rate Variability During Meditation”, ECE 510 Statistical Signal Processing, 2003, 4 pages.

Abstract: This paper describes a study of heart rate variability, specifically how the variability differs in a subject before and during meditation. The results clearly show that the heart rate sequence of all subjects exhibited increased mean value, increased variability, and increased power in the Low Frequency band. This can be interpreted as evidence of a change in the balance of the autonomic nervous system induced by meditation.

[Mauchahty-Ware 1978] Tom Mauchahty-Ware. Flute Songs Of The Kiowa And Comanche, Taos, New Mexico, Indian House, IH 2512, 13 tracks, 1978, audio LP. Recorded at Hog Creek, Oklahoma on June 1, 1978. Includes liner notes by Tom Mauchahty-Ware and Tony Isaacs. Reissued in [Mauchahty-Ware 1995].

[Mauchahty-Ware 1995] Tom Mauchahty-Ware. Flute Songs Of The Kiowa And Comanche, Taos, New Mexico, Indian House, IH 2512, 13 tracks, released September 29, 1995, UPC 7-04724-25122-8, audio CD. Recorded at Hog Creek, Oklahoma on June 1, 1978. Includes liner notes by Tom Mauchahty-Ware and Tony Isaacs. Reissue of [Mauchahty-Ware 1978]. See the Indian House web site. Contains 13 songs.

[Maxwell 1992] Timothy D. Maxwell and Kurt F. Anschuetz. “The Southwestern Ethnographic Record and Prehistoric Agricultural Diversity”, contained in [Killion 1992], 1992, pages 35–68.

One citation: The Development of Flutes in North America

[Mazon 2009] Wendy E. Mazon. The Effect of the Breath Builder™ on Various Lung Functions and Musical Performance Abilities of Clarinet Players, Doctoral dissertation - The University of Arizona, 2009, 66 pages.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to focus on the efficacy of a dynamic breath exerciser called the Breath Builder™ and its effects on clarinet players’ performance abilities and/or lung functions. The study sample consisted of 15 clarinetists, a combination of undergraduate and graduates from the clarinet studio at the University of Arizona, ages 18 – 27. The eight-week study consisted of two phases. During Phase 1, subjects in experimental group 1 used the Breath Builder™ three times a day, five times a week. The control group was not given Breath Builders™ and continued with their normal practice routine. In Phase 2, the control group was given Breath Builders™ and relabeled as experimental group 2. Experimental group 1 stopped using the Breath Builder™ and was relabeled as experimental group 3. Following this cessation, the subjects in experimental group 3 were measured to note any change in lung function or performance. Some of the pulmonary lung function measurements used for this study were, Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP), Maximal Inspiratory Pressure in 1 second (MIP1), and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP). Musical abilities measured were tone, note duration and phrase duration. A significant interaction effect was found regarding MIP and MIP1.

[McAllester 1949] David P. McAllester (died 1916). Peyote Music, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, Number 13, New York, 1949.

[McAllester 1952] David P. McAllester. “Menomini Peyote Music”, contained in [Slotkin 1952], Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Volume 42, Part 4, published by the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1952, pages 681–700.

From [White-PM 2000]: This detailed analysis of the peyote music of the menomini Indians is Appendix VI of the extensive report by J. S. Slotkin on Menomini Peyotism that makes up volume 42, part 4 of the Transactions. Slotkin collected the musical material from the Menominei examined here. McAllester examines veariations in peyote music, the peyote style, the special songs in peyote, such as a funeral song, attitudes concerning peyote music, the special aura of sacredness about the music, and the pan-tribalism in peyote music. The music and singing for 24 peyote songs is provided.

[McAllester 1961] David P. McAllester. Indian Music in the Southwest, published by the Taylor Museum, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1961, 15 pages.

[McAllester 1962] David P. McAllester and Donald Nelson Brown (recording engineers and producers) (born 1937). Music of the Pueblos Apache and Navaho, published by the Taylor Museum of the Colorado Springs Arts Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Taylor Museum, KCMS-1204, 1962, ASIN B003UP4F44, audo LP and booklet. Reissued in [McAllester 2009]. Liner notes reissued in [McAllester 2011].

Twelve citations: Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically (3)

[McAllester 1971] David P. McAllester. “Review of Night and Daylight Yeibichei by Boniface Bonnie; Tony Isaacs”, Ethnomusicology, Volume 15, Number 1, published by the University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology, January 1971, pages 167–170. Review of [Bonnie 1968]. Publication 850406 on JSTOR (subscription access).

[McAllester 1996] David P. McAllester. “Review of Cry for Luck: Sacred Song and Speech Among the Yurok, Hupa, and Karok Indians of Northwestern California”, published by the Music Library Association, Inc., published online 1994, retrieved April 26, 2010. See the The Free Library web site

Two citations: A Brief History of the Native American Flute, Roster of Museums, Libraries, and Cultural Sites Related to the Native American Flute

[McAllester 2009] David P. McAllester and Donald Nelson Brown (recording engineers and producers). Music of the Pueblos Apache and Navaho, Global Village Music, 17 tracks, September 18, 2009, audio CD. Reissue of [McAllester 1962].

Twelve citations: Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically (3)

[McAllester 2011] David P. McAllester and Donald Nelson Brown. Music of the Pueblos Apache and Navaho, published by Literary Licensing, LLC, April 2011, 12 pages, ISBN 1-258-00741-X (978-1-258-00741-6). Reissue of the liner notes of [McAllester 1962].

Twelve citations: Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically (3)

[McBride 2001] Bunny McBride. “Lucy Nicolar: The Artful Activism of a Penobscot Performer”, contained in [Perdue 2001], 2001, pages 141–159.

[McClain 1976] Ernest G. McClain; Siegmund Levarie (introduction); Patrick A. Heelan (editor). The Myth of Invariance — The Origin of the Gods, Mathematics and Music From the Ṛg Veda to Plato, published by Nicolas-Hays, Inc., York Beach, Maine, 1976, 216 pages, ISBN 0-89254-003-6 (978-0-89254-003-7). Reissued in [McClain 1984].

Synopsis: MYTH OF INVARIANCE explores the unifying symbolism of music and number so the reader can understand the secrets from Babylon, Egypt, Greece and the Bible - secrets hidden for centuries.

[McClain 1978] Ernest G. McClain. The Pythagorean Plato — Prelude to the Song Itself, published by Nicolas-Hays, Inc., York Beach, Maine, 1978, 204 pages, ISBN 0-89254-010-9

[McClain 1981] Ernest G. McClain. Meditations through the Quran — Tonal Images in an Oral Culture, published by Nicolas-Hays, Inc., York Beach, Maine, 1981, 183 pages, ISBN 0-89254-010-9

[McClain 1984] Ernest G. McClain; Siegmund Levarie (introduction); Patrick A. Heelan (editor). The Myth of Invariance — The Origin of the Gods, Mathematics and Music From the Ṛg Veda to Plato, published by Nicolas-Hays, Inc., York Beach, Maine, 1984, 216 pages, ISBN 0-89254-012-5 (978-0-89254-012-9). Reissue of [McClain 1976].

[McClain 2008] Ernest G. McClain. “A Sumerian Text in Quantified Archaeomusicology”, ICONEA 2008: Proceedings of the International Conference of Near Eastern Archaeomusicology, held at the British Museum, December 4-6, 2008, published by Iconea Publications, London, 2008, pages 89–103. See the ICONEA web site

Introduction: A cuneiform problem text dating about 2500 B.C. is about the partition of a grain constant. It is contended that it also defines a quantified musicology embodying the science of Pythagorean Greece, some 2000 years later.

[McClain 2010] Ernest G. McClain. “Egyptian Connections: Narmer Inscriptions as Sumerian Musicology”, ICONEA 2010: Musical exchanges between Ancient Egypt and the Near East during, before and after the Hyksos Kings, Chancellor's Hall, Senate House, University of London 15-17 December 2010, published by Iconea Publications, London, 2010. See the ICONEA web site

[McClain 2010a] Ernest McClain and Peter Blumsom. “Egyptian Connections: Narmer Instriptions as Sumerian Musicology”, ICONEA 2009 - 2010: Proceedings of the International Conference of Near Eastern Archaeomusicology, held at the Université de la Sorbonne, November 2009 and at Senate House, School of Musical Research, University of London, December 2010, published by Iconea Publications, London, 2010, pages 73–104, ISBN-13 978-1-4632-0182-1. See the ICONEA web site

Conference summary: Interdisciplinary studies in archaeomusicology have been given a new direction by Richard Dumbrill's insight that theory evolved necessarily from scribal discipline rather than from Pythagorean fiction, and that ancient "god numbers" merit close inspection. Rapid advances in the understanding of cuneiform arithmetic during the last 20 years now give us new insight on scribal training and a universal competence with "octave doubling" that grounded "Egyptian duplatio", pervading the whole of ancient cosmology. The octave 2:1 was never "discovered", but always taken for granted—as routine as the alternation of day and night, and proved forever by Kilmer, Crocker and Brown: the seminal Babylonian: "Sounds From Silence" (album; 1976). Further consequences are explored in this paper.

[McCleskey 1998] Wayne McCleskey and John Sarantos. A Kokopelli Christmas — Songs for the Winter Seasons, First Edition (song book), published by Wind Warrior Publications, Seattle, WA, 1998, ISBN 0-9665334-0-2. Nakai tablature notation. Contains 110 songs.

[McCleskey 1998a] Wayne McCleskey and John Sarantos. A Kokopelli Songbook — Finger Chart Songbook, Volume 1: Folk and Traditional Songs, First Edition (song book), 1998. six-hole finger diagrams. Contains 24 songs.

[McClintock 1883] John McClintock and James Strong. Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Volume 3, published by Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York, 1883, 1,048 pages.

[McCollough 1938] Doriane Woolley McCullough (collector); José Juan, Isabelle Iske, Charles Whittman, Manuel Lowe, John Miles, Harvey Cawker, and Joseph Moffat (performers). [United States, Arizona, Sacaton, Pima Indians, 1938] [sound recording]/collected by Doriane Woolley McCullough. 268 sound discs: analog, 78 RPM, monophonic, 12-inch, with documentation.

Indiana University Summary: Recorded by McCullough from July 16 to Oct. 13, 1938 at the Pima Indian Reservation in Sacaton, Arizona.
Pima songs and music.
Aluminum disc originals.
Accompanied by song texts in Pima with English translations, musical transcriptions, biographical information on informants, and correspondence between McCullough and George Herzog pertaining to the former's field work.
Indexed in Dorothy Sara Lee, Native North American Music and Oral Data (I.U. Press, 1979).

[McCord 2003] Beth K. McCord and Donald R. Cochran. “The Morell-Sheets Site: Refining the Definition of the Albee Phase”, contained in [Redmond 2003] , 2003, pages 32–60.

One citation: The Development of Flutes in North America

[McCormack 1997] John McCormack (died 1884). The Victor and HMV recordings (1912–14), England, Romophone, 1997.

[McCraty 2001] Rollin McCraty, Mike Atkinson, Dana Tomasino, and William P. Stuppy. “Analysis of Twenty-four Hour Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Panic Disorder”, Biological Psychology, Volume 56, May 2001, pages 131–150. Publication 11334700 on PubMed/NCBI (subscription access).

Abstract: Growing evidence suggests that alterations in autonomic function contribute to the pathophysiology of panic disorder (PD). This retrospective study employed 24-h heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of Holter records to compare autonomic function in PD patients (n=38) with healthy, age- and gender-matched controls. Both time and frequency domain measures were calculated, and a circadian rhythm analysis was performed. The SDNN index, 5-min total power, very low frequency (VLF) and low frequency (LF) power were significantly lower in panic patients relative to controls over the 24-h period. Hourly means were significantly lower during some of the waking hours as well as the latter part of the sleep cycle. In contrast, the mean RR interval, RMSSD and high frequency (HF) power were comparable in patients and controls. Results suggest that sympathetic activity is depressed in PD patients under usual life conditions, leading to a relative predominance of vagal tone. Findings of low HRV in PD patients are consistent with the high rate of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this population, as well as with the emerging view of panic as a disorder involving reduced flexibility and adaptability across biological, affective and behavioral dimensions.

[McDermott 1941] John Francis McDermott (died 1902). A glossary of Mississippi valley French, 1673–1850, 1941.

[McDermott 2007] John Francis McDermott (editor). Tixier's Travels on the Osage Prairies, published by Pratt Press, 2007, 336 pages, ISBN 1-4067-7355-7 (978-1-4067-7355-2), ASIN 1406773557, softcover. Translation and reissue of [Tixier 1844].

[McElrath 2003] Susan McElrath. “Register to the Papers of John Canfield Ewers”, published by the National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, 2003, 124 pages.

[McGee 1995] T. McGee (editor). Taking a stand: essays in honour of John Beckwith, contains [Keillor 1995], published by the University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, 1995, ISBN 0-8020-0583-7

[McGee-WJ 1894] W. J. McGee (died 1853). “The Siouan Indians: A Preliminary Sketch”, Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-94, published by the United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1894, pages 153–204. Director: J. W. Powell. Reissued in [McGee-WJ 2006] and [McGee-WJ 2008].

[McGee-WJ 2006] W. J. McGee. The Siouan Indians, Ebook #19628, published by Project Gutenberg, October 23, 2006, 98 pages, retrieved April 17, 2010. Reissue of [McGee-WJ 1894]. See the Project Gutenberg Ebook #19628 web page

[McGee-WJ 2008] W. J. McGee. The Siouan Indians, published by BiblioBazaar, 2008, 74 pages, ISBN 1-4375-0044-7 (978-1-4375-0044-8). Reissue of [McGee-WJ 1894].

[McGhee 1975] Robert J. McGhee and James A. Tuck. An Archaic Sequence from the Strait of Belle Isle, Labrador, Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Paper 34, published by the National Museum of Man, Ottawa, 1975, 135 pages.

One citation: The Development of Flutes in North America

Publisher's description: Description of a burial mound, over 7,000 years old, built by a band of Archaic Indian hunter-gatherers discovered in 1973.

[McGhee 1976] Robert J. McGhee. The Burial at l'Anse-Amour, published by the National Museum of Man, Ottawa, 1976, 24 pages, ISBN 0-660-00019-9 (978-0-660-00019-0), softcover.

One citation: The Development of Flutes in North America

[McGhee 2011] Robert J. McGhee. “L'Anse Amour Site”, The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2011, retrieved April 8, 2011. See the Canadian Encyclopedia web site

One citation: The Development of Flutes in North America

[McGlade 2004] John McGlade, Heng Yang, and Victor P. Pasko. “Effects of Solar Flares on the First Schumann Resonance Frequency”, NSF EE REU PENN STATE Annual Research Journal, Volume 2, 2004, pages 42–51.

One citation: Pitch-to-Frequency Calculator

Abstract: Variations in the exact Schumann Resonance frequencies occur due to changes in the conductivity profile of the Earth-ionosphere cavity. Aside from seasonal and diurnal cycles, these changes are also caused by factors such as X-ray bursts and high-energy particle precipitation from the sun. The discrete data we get from an FDTD model does not allow us to obtain the Schumann Resonance frequencies directly, and the resolution in the frequency domain is contingent upon sampling time. In this paper, the method of choice in determining the Schumann Resonance frequencies is through exponential approximation. Exponential approximation is effective because it can detect the slight shift in Schumann Resonance frequencies based on a short sampling time, which is desirable in order to reduce computer calculation time. In this paper we use the Prony Method of Exponential Approximation to find this slight frequency shift in a short sampling time.

[McGrady 2007] Angele McGrady. “Psychophysiological Mechanisms of Stress: A Foundation for the Stress Management Therapies”, contained in [Lehrer 2007], 2007, pages 16–37.

[McIntosh 1987] W. E. McIntosh and Harvey Shell. Indiancraft, published by Naturegraph Publishers, Healdsburg, California, 1987, 142 pages, ISBN 0-87961-170-7 (978-0-87961-170-5).

Publisher's description: Clear, concise instructions for acquiring materials & making many popular Native American handicrafts, such as warbonnets, dance bustles, dresses & shawls, moccasins, beadwork, Indian flute, bow & arrows, & much more. This is a hands-on text by ones who have made all the crafts they describe. Includes 10 pages of plains & woodland tribal designs. Fully illustrated.

[McKern 1931] William C. McKern. “A Wisconsin Variant of the Hopewell Culture”, Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, Bulletin 10, Number 2, 1931.

One citation: The Development of Flutes in North America

[McKinney 1997] Smokey McKinney. “Potawatomi Dictionary”, July 2, 1997, retrieved October 28, 2012. See the Potawatomi Web

One citation: Names of the Native American Flute

[McLaughlin 2003] Castle McLaughlin; Hillel S. Burger (photographer); Mike Cross (contributor). Arts of Diplomacy: Lewis and Clark's Indian Collection, published by the University of Washington Press and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, October 2003, 416 pages, ISBN 0-295-98361-2 (University of Washington Press softcover edition), 0-295-98360-4 (University of Washington Press hardcover edition), 0-87365-843-4 (Peabody hardcover edition), 0-87365-844-2 (Peabody softcover edition) (978-0-295-98361-5 (University of Washington Press softcover edition), 978-0-295-98360-8 (University of Washington Press hardcover edition)). American Museum of Natural History call number F592.7.M35 2003.

Seven citations: The Development of Flutes in North America (7)

Booklist description by Gilbert Taylor: With bicentennial observances of the Corps of Discovery's epic trek set to unfold over the next two years, the already huge specialty and popular literature about Lewis and Clark is about to expand.Though the landscape bears scant resemblance to the one Lewis and Clark originally viewed, American Indian artifacts collected by the expedition still exist. Harvard University's Peabody Museum holds some, each of which is exhaustively examined both photographically and textually in McLaughlin and her coauthors' scholarly opus. Yet their readership goes beyond academics, for an item's chain of provenance is fascinating and often rather mysterious in its own right. Further, the authors so thoroughly unpack the "text" of each object—a robe, calumet, or basket—that its owner emerges from the historical mists, if not as an identifiable individual, at least as someone whose personal and cultural life readers can vicariously appreciate.

[McLean 1968] Mervyn McLean. “An Investigation of the Open Tube Maori Flute or Kooauau”, The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume 77, Number 3, published by Polynesian Society, September 1968, pages 213–241. Publication 20704559 on JSTOR (subscription access).

Introduction: The kooauau is an instrument of the flute family made of wood or bone. Usually, kooauau are 5 to 6 inches long (12 to 15 cm.); most have three finger holes and all are open at both ends. When not in use, the instruments were often worn around the neck as an ornament and most accordingly have provision for suspension. In the wooden instruments the suspension hole is usually bored through a bulge on the back and in the bone instru ments it is bored close to one end. The wooden instruments are often elaborately carved and about a third of the bone instruments are decorated with incised lines.

[McLean 1982] Mervyn McLean. “A Chronological and Geographical Sequence of Maori Flute Scales”, Man, New Series, Volume 17, Number 1, published by the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, March 1982, pages 123–157. Publication 2802105 on JSTOR (subscription access).

Abstract: Three populations of Maori flutes are examined, two of which can be dated archaeologically. They are: thirteen albatross-bone flutes from coastal sites in the South Island; eighteen stone flutes, mostly from a single site at Oruarangi in the North Island; and 110 made from wood, human bone, and ivory from ethnographic collections. A scale chronology and pattern of areal dispersion arrived at on musical grounds is matched with archaeological and ethnographic evidence.

[McManamon 2009] Francis P. McManamon, Linda S. Cordell, Kent G. Lightfoot, and George R. Milner. Archaeology in America: Northeast and Southeast, Volume 1 of Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia, published by ABC-CLIO, 2009, 424 pages, ISBN 0-313-33184-7 (978-0-313-33184-8).

Abstract: The greatness of America is right under our feet. The American past-the people, battles, industry and homes-can be found not only in libraries and museums, but also in hundreds of archaeological sites that scientists investigate with great care. These sites are not in distant lands, accessible only by research scientists, but nearby-almost every locale possesses a parcel of land worthy of archaeological exploration. Archaeology in America is the first resource that provides students, researchers, and anyone interested in their local history with a survey of the most important archaeological discoveries in North America. Leading scholars, most with an intimate knowledge of the area, have written in-depth essays on over 300 of the most important archaeological sites that explain the importance of the site, the history of the people who left the artifacts, and the nature of the ongoing research.

Archaeology in America divides it coverage into 8 regions: the Arctic and Subarctic, the Great Basin and Plateau, the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, the Midwest, the Northeast, the Southeast, the Southwest, and the West Coast. Each entry provides readers with an accessible overview of the archaeological site as well as books and articles for further research.

[McNair 2009] Douglas S. McNair. “Native American Flute and How We are as People Today”, Chamber Music Today blog, July 3, 2009. See the Chamber Music Today web site

[McNutt 1984] James C. McNutt. “John Comfort Fillmore: A Student of Indian Music Reconsidered”, American Music, Volume 2, Number 1, published by the University of Illinois Press, Spring 1984, pages 61–70. Publication 3051963 on JSTOR (subscription access).

[McPherson 2006] Gary E. McPherson (editor). The Child as Musican: A Handbook of Musical Development, published by Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 2006, 528 pages, ISBN 0-19-853032-3 (978-0-19-853032-9).

[Mead 1903] Charles Williams Mead (died 1845). The Musical Instruments of the Incas: A guide leaflet to the collection on exhibition in the American Museum of Natural History, Guide Leaflet Number 11, published by the American Museum of Natural History, July 1903, 31 pages. supplement to the American Museum Journal, Volume 3, Number 4.

[Mead 1924] Charles W. Mead. “The Musical Instruments of the Incas”, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Volume 15, Part 3, published by the American Museum Press, New York, 1924, pages 313–347.

[Medeiros 2010] José Miguel Medeiros. Development of a Heart Rate Variability Analysis Tool, M.B.E. dissertation - Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal, September 2010, 92 pages.

Abstract: Heart Rate Variability (HRV) concerns the analysis of the phenomenon underlying the variability between consecutive heartbeats. During the last three decades, significant effort has been made to understand its physiological basis and implications in different pathologies. Such studies have revealed, among other aspects, that HRV its a mirror of the control actions exerted by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) in the Sinoatrial (SA) node. Since the SA node is responsible for setting the heartbeat, the two branches comprising the ANS, sympathetic and parasympathetic, have a special role in controlling such variability.

The main goals behind this work were: to develop an open source, reliable and easy-to-use Graphical User Interface (GUI) able to perform a complete HRV analysis; to investigate and possibly implement alternative methods to perform an HRV analysis; and also to validate the developments achieved.

As a result of the work carried out, we have manage to develop a cross platform and full featured Python based GUI for HRV computation using the standard procedure based on ECG signals and another alternative methodology based on PPG signals. We have also conducted three different studies in order to analyze the validity of our tool. The first study aimed to validate our HRV GUI and revealed the absence of any significant differences between our GUI and a reference tool. The second study evaluated both specificity and sensitivity of the algorithm that we have developed to detect systolic peaks in PPG signals, where high performance levels were attained. Finally, the third study, aimed to validate the use of PPG signals as an alternative to ECG signals for computing HRV, revealed high levels of correlation between the same parameters computed from ECG and PPG signals acquired simultaneously.

[Melini 2008] Roberto Melini. “Possessed by the Great Mother: Music and Trance in Ancient Pompeii and in the Popular Tradition of Southern Italy”, ICONEA 2008: Proceedings of the International Conference of Near Eastern Archaeomusicology, held at the British Museum, December 4-6, 2008, published by Iconea Publications, London, 2008, pages 1–9. See the ICONEA web site

[Meltzer 2003] David J. Meltzer. “Peopling of North America”.

[Mendes 2009] Wendy Berry Mendes. “Assessing Autonomic Nervous System Activity”, contained in [Harmon-Jones 2009], 2009, pages 118–147.

[Mendoza 1950] Vincente T. Mendoza. “Música indígena de México «Indigenous Music of Mexico»”, México en el Arte, Volume 9, in Spanish, 1950.

One citation: Classification of Flutes

[MenezesBastos 2007] Rafael José de Menezes Bastos; David Allan Rodgers (translation). “Música nas Sociedades Indígenas das Terras Baixas da América do Sul: Estado da Arte «Music in the Indigenous Societies of Lowland South America: The State of the Art»”, Mana, Volume 13, Number 2, October 2007, pages 293–316, retrieved May 30, 2012. See the SciELO web site

Abstract: The last thirty years have seen a remarkable growth in the ethnomusicology of the South American lowlands. The region has emerged from relative obscurity — a state in which it languished for decades, despite possessing some of the world's oldest descriptions of ‘primitive’ music — through the publication of a wide variety of texts on the musical production of its indigenous peoples, along with various attempts at regional and sub-regional comparison. This ethnomusicological output — much of it originating in Brazil from the early 1990s onwards — has been complimented by monographs and regional comparative studies from anthropologists specialized in other areas, whose work has frequently highlighted the importance of music (typically in connection with other art forms, cosmology, shamanism and philosophy) for a clearer understanding of the region. The resulting panorama is promising. However it also requires analysis, a fundamental element in determining paths for future research. Divided into two parts, the article approaches this endeavour by focusing on written production, making secondary use of phonographic, videographic and other documental forms. The first part of the text surveys the literature produced on the region's music over the period. In the second part, I reflect on the main features of indigenous music to emerge from the literature and propose a number of working hypotheses for future investigations.

[Meninski 1680] Franciscus à Mesgnien Meninski. Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium, 1680.

One citation: Perfect Intervals

[Mercado 2005] Claudio Mercado. “Con Mi Flauta Hasta la Tumba «With My Flute to the Grave»”, Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, Volume 10, Number 2, in Spanish, 2005, pages 29–49.

Abstract: Based on the finding in central Chile of the burial of a boy next to his stone flute, or, antara (Aconcagua culture, Inca Diaguita Period, AD 1470-1540), an interpretation is made – from the author’s own experiences in today’s “cofradías chinas” (ritual musician-dance brotherhoods) in the region – about the reasons that would explain the close bond then and now between the “flautist” and his musical instrument. The motives for the permanence over time of the unique sound of these flutes, made with a specific technique (“complex tube”), noted since ancient times in the cultures of the southern Peruvian coastal desert, are discussed.

[Merlini 2008] Marco Merlini and Gheorghe Lazarovici. “Settling Discovery Circumstances, Dating and Utilization of the Tărtăria Tablets”, Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, Number 7, published by the Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania, 2008, 232 pages. ISSN 1583-1817.

One citation: Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia

[Merriam-AP 1951] Allan P. Merriam (died 1923). “Flathead Indian Instruments and Their Music”, The Musical Quarterly, Volume 37, Number 3, published by the Oxford University Press, July 1951, pages 368–375, doi:10.1093/mq/XXXVII.3.368. [Merriam-AP 1953] is the related CD. See the Musical Quarterly web site

Four citations: Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture, Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture, Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically, Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically

[Merriam-AP 1953] Alan P. Merriam (field recording, liner notes); Barbara W. Merriam (field recording). Songs and Dances of the Flathead Indians, Folkways Ethnic Library Series, Folkways Records and Service Corp., FE 4445, 19 bands, 1953, audio LP. [Merriam-AP 1951] is a related paper. Reissued in [Merriam-AP 2007]. Library of Congress call number R 59-29. Contains 1 song.

Four citations: Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture, Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture, Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically, Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically

[Merriam-AP 1957] Alan P. Merriam and Warren L. d'Azevendo. “Washo Peyote Songs”, American Anthropologist, Volume 59, Number 4, published by the American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington, Washington, D.C., 1957, pages 615–641. Contains 7 songs.

[Merriam-AP 1964] Alan P. Merriam. The Anthropology of Music, Northwestern University African Studies, Volume 11, published by Northwestern University Press, 1964, 358 pages, ISBN 0-8101-0607-8 (978-0-8101-0607-9).

Publisher's description: This is a comprehensive approach to music from the point of view of anthropology. The author maintains that ethnomusicology, by definition, must not divorce the sound-analysis of music from its cultural context of people thinking, acting, and creating.

[Merriam-AP 1967] Alan P. Merriam. Ethnomusicology of the Flathead Indians, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology Series, Number 44, published by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, New York, 1967, xvi + 403 pages. Reissued in [Merriam-AP 2011].

Twelve citations: Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically (3)

[Merriam-AP 2007] Alan P. Merriam (field recording, liner notes); Barbara W. Merriam (field recording). Songs and Dances of the Flathead Indians, Smithsonian / Folkways Archival Series, Smithsonian / Folkways Recordings, FE 4445, 19 tracks, 2007, UPC 0-93070-44452-2, ASIN B00242W0V4, audio CD. [Merriam-AP 1951] is a related paper. Reissue of [Merriam-AP 1953]. See the Smithsonian / Folkways Recordings web site

Publisher's description: When different ways of life – white and American Indian – met one another on the Flathead Indian Reservation in western Montana, many of the tribe’s customs began to disappear. However, their indigenous music continued to be an extremely important source of pride and culture on the reservation. This album contains songs used for entertainment, religious practice, and personal power.

[Merriam-AP 2011] Alan P. Merriam. Ethnomusicology of the Flathead Indians. Reissue of [Merriam-AP 1967].

[Merrill 1997] William L. Merrill, Marian Kaulaity Hansson, Candace S. Greene, and Frederick J. Reuss. A Guide to the Kiowa Collections at the Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, Number 40, publishted by the Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., February 28, 1997, 443 pages. See the Smithsonian Institution Libraries web site

One citation: Names of the Native American Flute

Abstract: This guide provides an overview of the extensive anthropological collections associated with the Kiowa Indians of Oklahoma housed in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. The vast majority of these collections are found in the Smithsonian's Department of Anthropology, located in the National Museum of Natural History. In the 1990s, the Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma included over 10,000 enrolled members, more than half of whom resided in western Oklahoma. Before settling on a reservation in the second half of the nineteenth century, the Kiowas were nomadic bison hunters on the southern Plains who raided deep into Mexico. The Kiowa materials at the Smithsonian were collected for the most part after the creation of the Kiowa reservation, but the information they contain spans a period from before European contact to the late twentieth century. The guide, produced between 1985 and 1994, is divided into five major sections. Each of the first four sections focuses on a major component of the Smithsonian's Kiowa collection—;material culture, manuscripts, artwork, and photographs—;and includes background information on the collections as well as inventories and descriptions of them. The fifth section is a list of individuals whose names appear in association with the collections. This "List of Persons" indicates the specific materials in the collections with which each of these individuals is associated. The guide concludes with a summary of Smithsonian Kiowa collections located outside the Department of Anthropology and a bibliography of selected references on the Kiowa.

[Mersenne 1636] M. Mersenne. Du Genres de la Musique, Harmonie universelle, Book 3, Paris, in French, 1636, page 148.

[Mertens 1998] Joan R. Mertens. “Some Long Thoughts on Early Cycladic Sculpture”, Metropolitan Museum Journal, Volume 33, published by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1998, pages 7–22. Publication 1513004 on JSTOR (subscription access).

[Messerschmidt 1911] L Messerschmidt (died 1870). Keilschrifttexte aus Assur historischen Inhalts «Historical Cuneiform Texts from Assur», Volume 1, Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft in Assur (Excavations of the German Oriental Society in Assur), KAH, Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft (WVDOG), Volume 16, published by J. C. Hinrich, Leipzig, in German, 1919, 362 pages.

One citation: Designations for Cuneiform and Ancient Mesopotamian Clay Tablets

[Metallic 2005] Emmanuel N. Metallic, Danielle E. Cyr, and Alexandre Sévigny. The Metallic Mìgmaq-English Reference Dictionary, published by Presses Université Laval, December 2005, 392 pages, ISBN 2-7637-8015-6. Accompanying CD-ROM includes searchable full text.

Two citations: Tribal Identification, Names of the Native American Flute

[Metersky 2010] Mark L. Metersky, Scott B. Bean, John D. Meyer, Miriam Mutambudzi, Barbara A. Brown-Elliott, Michael E. Wechsler, and Richard J. Wallace, Jr. “Trombone player’s lung: A probable new cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis”, Chest, Volume 138, Number 3, September 2010, pages 754–756, doi:10.1378/chest.10-0374. Publication 20823006 on PubMed/NCBI (subscription access).

[Metzger 2006] L. Kay Metzger. “An Existential Perspective of Body Beliefs and Health Assessment”, Journal of Religion and Health, Volume 45, Number 1, published by Springer, Spring 2006, pages 130–146, doi:10.1007/s10943-005-9008-3. Publication 27512908 on JSTOR (subscription access).

Abstract: Successful health assessments are ongoing and rely on a clinician/client interaction, which is influenced by both the client's and the clinician's beliefs about their bodies. These beliefs about the human body arise out of religious and cultural contexts. Theories often explain cultural context by comparison of dierences and similarities between the client and the clinician and/or between the client and the dominant culture. This approach can carry a bias inherent in the comparison to dominant beliefs held by those with the most power and economic advantage. The author suggests an existential approach in which client and clinician bodies interact each as adept, autonomous individuals with a conglomerate of beliefs about body and health.

[Metzger-F 2010] Flora Metzger, Amaryllis Haccuria, Gabriel Reboux, Nicole Nolard, Jean-Charles Dalphin, and Paul De Vuyst. “Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Due to Molds in a Saxophone Player”, Chest, Volume 138, Number 3, September 2010, pages 724–726, doi:10.1378/chest.09-2991. Publication 20822994 on PubMed/NCBI (subscription access).

Abstract: This 48-year-old patient was evaluated for an interstitial pneumonia. An open-lung biopsy showed a pattern of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. The CT scan appearance, showing mosaic ground-glass opacities in the ventilated parts of the lung, the centrolobular predominance of inflammation on the lung sections, and the presence of a lymphocytic alveolitis at BAL suggested a hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The patient was a white-collar worker and had no contact with pets, birds, drugs, or molds at home. He used to play the saxophone as a hobby. Two molds, Ulocladium botrytis and Phoma sp, were detected in the saxophone. Precipitating antibodies to these molds were present in his serum. An additional study confirmed the frequent colonization of saxophones with potentially pathogenic molds, such as Fusarium sp, Penicillium sp, and Cladosporium sp. Respiratory physicians should be aware of the risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in saxophone or perhaps other wind instrument players.

[Meymandi 2009] Assad Meymandi. “Music, Medicine, Healing, and the Genome Project”, Psychiatry (Edgemont), Volume 6, Number 9, September 2009, pages 43–49. Publication 19855860 on PubMed/NCBI (subscription access).

[Michalowski 2008] Piotr Michalowski. “Traveler's Tales: Observations on Musical Mobility in Mesopotamia and Beyond”, ICONEA 2008: Proceedings of the International Conference of Near Eastern Archaeomusicology, held at the British Museum, December 4-6, 2008, published by Iconea Publications, London, 2008, pages 117–124. See the ICONEA web site

Introduction: The study of music in the ancient world is an area most open to anachronistic intrusion and the interference of modernity. The practice, experience, and significance of music, before the spread of mass culture and communication, occupied very different cultural spaces than they do today, often mediating between what was narrowly local and the world at large and it is obviously difficult to establish the truly local, culturally salient elements of such practice in specific societies. Specialists who work on the subject have often been keen to reconstruct the sounds made in Near Eastern palaces, temples, and taverns millennia ago, a pursuit that may be harmless, but is, to my mind at least, nothing but folly. Even if we can reconstruct certain scales, that tells us nothing about music as such, because music is so much more than scales. To me music is organized sound that is embedded in specific social practices; we will never know the sounds and how they were structured, but we can learn something about the social realization and significance of this organized sound, and of its possible significance for the ways in which people imagined their own identities. As a small contribution to such a project, I would like to address a few issues concerning matters of local and global aspects of music in ancient Mesopotamia. Because such practices involve a constantly shifting tension between innovation and tradition, and because of space constraints, I will limit my inquiries to the earlier phases of Mesopotamian history.

[Michalowski 2010] Piotr Michalowski. “Learning Music: Schooling, Apprenticeship, and Gender in Early Mesopotamia”, contained in [Pruzsinszky 2010a], 2010, pages 199–240.

Two citations: Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia (2)

[Michelson 1921] Truman Michelson (died 1879). The owl sacred pack of the Fox Indians, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 72, published by the United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., in Fox and English, 1921, 83 pages + 4 plates.

Four citations: Names of the Native American Flute (4)

[Michelson 1925] Truman Michelson. “The mythical origin of the White Buffalo Dance of the Fox Indians”, Fortieth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1918-1919, published by the United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1925, pages 23–289 + plate 1 + figure 1.

Three citations: Names of the Native American Flute (3)

[Middleton 1998] Julie Forest Middleton. Songs for Earthlings, published by Emerald Earth Publishing, Sebastopol, California, 1998, 400 pages, ISBN 0-9663715-2-6 (978-0-9663715-2-9).

One citation: Earth My Body - Sheet Music for Native American Flute

[Miller 1910] Horace Alden Miller (died 1872). “Melodic Views of Indian Life”, published by Clayton F. Summy, Chicago, 1910, 19 pages.

One citation: The Indianist Movement

[Miller 1917] Horace Alden Miller. “Four Indian Themes”, published by Breitkopf & Härtel, New York, 1917. New York Public Library call number 592401.

[Miller-DC 1916] Dayton C. Miller (died 1866). “A 32-Element Harmonic Synthesizer”, Journal of the Franklin Institute, January 1916, pages 51–81.

[Miller-DC 1916a] Dayton C. Miller. The Science of Musical Sounds, published by The Macmillan Company, New York, 1916, 286 pages.

[Miller-DC 1935] Dayton C. Miller. Anecdotal History of the Science of Sound To the beginning of the 20th Century, First Edition, published by MacMillan, 1935, 114 pages, ASIN B0014UUTPQ

Two citations: About Flutopedia.com, Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia

[Miller-EB 2011] Eric B. Miller. Bio-guided Music Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide to the Clinical Integration of Music and Biofeedback, published by Jessica Kingsley, London, 2011, 256 pages, ISBN 1-84905-844-X (978-1-84905-844-5).

Publisher's description: Bio-Guided Music Therapy explores the clinical integration of music and biofeedback, providing the practitioner with a rationale, historical context and detailed step-by-step instructions for implementing real-time physiological data driven music therapy. This practical guide introduces the fundamental principles of biofeedback and explores the use of music therapy interventions within the context of achieving skills in self-regulation of physiological response. This book looks at the primary modalities of biofeedback, in conjunction with the assignment of digitally sampled musical voices to specific body functions. Music therapy interventions covered include guided imagery to music, toning, mantra meditation, drumming and improvisation. This book clearly demonstrates how these techniques can be successfully applied to the treatment of stress, high blood pressure, back pain, insomnia, migraine, neuromuscular deficiencies and depression, as well as being an effective therapy for clients with autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit disorder. Instructive and accessible, this book will prove an essential resource for students and practitioners of music therapy, biofeedback practitioners, social workers, psychologists and healing arts professionals.

[Miller-MK 2000] Mary K. Miller. “Music of the Neanderthals”, Dispatches from the Field, AAAS 2000 Annual Meeting, February 21, 2000, retrieved September 27, 2011.

[Miller-MR 2004] Myles R. Miller and Nancy A. Kenmotsu. “Prehistory of the Jornada Mogollon and Eastern Trans-Pecos Regions of West Texas”, contained in [Perttula 2004], 2004, pages 205–265. See the Texas Beyond History web site

One citation: A Timeline of Flute Development

[Miller-RK 1996] Ronald K. Miller, James E. Enote, and Cameron L. Martinez. “Tribal experiences and lessons learned in riparian ecosystem restoration”, contained in [Shaw 1996] , 1996, pages 198–202.

One citation: Tribal Identification

Abstract: Riparian ecosystems have been part of the culture of land use of native peoples in the Southwest United States for thousands of years. The experiences of tribal riparian initiatives to incorporate modern elements of environment and development with cultural needs are relatively few. This paper describes tribal case examples and approaches in riparian management which may advance discussions of cultural values in resource management for rural and developing communities such as those on tribal lands in the United States.

[Mills 1917] W. C. Mills. “The Feurt Mounds and Village Site”, Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Volume 26, 1917, pages 305–449.

Two citations: The Development of Flutes in North America (2)

[Mills-A 1960] Alan Mills (died 1913). Canada's Story in Song, Smithsonian / Folkways, FW03000, 42 tracks, 1960, audio CD. See the Smithsonian / Folkways Recordings web site

Seven citations: The Huron Carol - Sheet Music for Native American Flute (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture, Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture, Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically, Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically

Abstract: Chants of the Inuit, ballads of French settlers, battle tunes of the British, and songs of Canadian self-rule: singer Alan Mills combines all four to present a rich tapestry of Canadian history in music. Extensive liner notes with full lyrics accompany this collection, which includes and expands upon the material released on Folkways FW03001, O’Canada: A History in Song.

[Minor 1972] Marz Minor and Nono Minor. The American Indian Craft Book, published by the Popular Library, 1972, ASIN B0006VV21E

[Minor 1978] Marz Minor and Nono Minor. The American Indian Craft Book, Bison Books Edition, published by the University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1978, 416 pages, ISBN 0-8032-0974-6 (hardcover), 0-8032-5891-7 (softcover) (978-0-8032-0974-9 (hardcover), 978-0-8032-5891-4 (softcover)). See the University of Nebraska Press web site

[Miraliakbari 2008] Homan Miraliakbari and Fereidoon Shahidi. “Lipid Class Composition, Tocopherols and Sterols of Tree Nut Oils Extracted with Different Solvents”, Journal of Food Lipids, Volume 15, published by Blackwell Publishing, 2008, pages 81–96.

Three citations: Care and Maintenance of the Native American Flute (3)

Abstract: The chemical compositions of tree nut oils were examined. The oils of almonds, Brazil nuts, hazelnuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts were extracted using hexane and chloroform/methanol. The chloroform/methanol system afforded a higher oil yield for each tree nut type examined (pine nuts had the highest oil content while almonds had the lowest). The lipid class compositions of the tree nut oils were analyzed using the thin-layer chromatography-flame ionization detector and showed that triacylglycerols were the predominant lipid class present. Smaller amounts of sterols, sterol esters, phospholipids and sphingolipids were also present. The fatty acid compositions of the tree nut oils were analyzed using gas chromatography, showing that oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in all samples except pine nut and walnut oils, which contained high amounts of linoleic acid. The sterol and stanol content and compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography; b-sitosterol was the predominant sterol present in all samples, with lower amounts of campesterol, stigmasterol, D5-avenasterol, 22-nordehydrocholesterol, 24-methylenecholesterol, cholesterol, cholestanol and b-sitostanol also present. The tocopherol compositions were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, showing that a- and g-tocopherols were the predominant tocopherol homologs present; however, d- and b-tocopherols were also detected in some samples.

[Mitchell 1992] T. C. Mitchell. “The Music of the Old Testament Reconsidered”, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, Volume 124, 1992, pages 124–143.

One citation: Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia

Abstract: Surviving examples of musical instruments and representations of them show that during the first half of the first millennium B.C. a considerable range of types was in use in Mesopotamia and Egypt, as well as in north Syria and south-east Asia Minor. Since there are numerous references in the Old Testament to music and musicians it is a reasonable assumption that, though there are few representations from Palestine, similar types were in use. The corpus derived from outside sources comprises: I. Strings: (a) harp, (b) lyre, (c) lute; II. Wind: (d) vertical flute (end blown like the modern recorder), (e) double-pipe, (f) horn, (g) trumpet; III. Percussion: (h) drum, (i) tambour (like a tambourine without the jingles), (j) cymbals, (k) clappers, (l) sistrum, (m) vibroframe.

[Mitchill 1820] Samuel L. Mitchill. “Letter from Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill, of Newyork, to Samuel M. Burnside, Esq. - Corresponding Secretary of the American Antiquarian Society — Newyork, January 13, 1817”, Archaeologia Americana: transactions and collections of the, Volume 1, 1820, pages 313–317.

[Mithen 2005] Steven Mithen. The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind and Body, published by George Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2005, 374 pages, ISBN 0-297-64317-7 (978-0-297-64317-3), ASIN 0297643177

Two citations: The Evolution of Music - Flutopedia.com (2)

From Publishers Weekly: Mithen (The Prehistory of Mind; After the Ice) draws on archaeological record and current research on neurology and genetics to explain how and why humans think, talk and make music the way they do. If it sounds impenetrably academic, it isn't: Mithen acts as a friendly guide to the troves of data on the evolution of man (and myriad sub-mysteries of the mind, music, speech and cognition), translating specialist material into an engrossing narrative casual readers will appreciate. Beginning with a survey of modern theories of the evolution of language, music and thought, Mithen cherry picks ones that lay the groundwork for the book's second (and most substantial) part, which applies those ideas to 4.5 million years of evolutionary history, beginning with the earliest known hominid, Ardipithecus ramidus, and ending with Homo sapiens. Mithen's work here is equally remarkable, but perhaps because this is his area of specialty, the findings are less accessible to the average reader: they hinge largely on subtle differences in the interpretation of archaeological sites and the dating of artifacts. However, Mithen's expertise in the science and history of his subject is combined with a passion for music that makes this book enjoyable and fascinating. Readers from most academic disciplines will find the work of interest, as will general readers comfortable with research-based argument and analysis.

[Miyashita 2009] Mizuki Miyashita and Shirlee Crow Shoe. “Blackfoot Lullabies and Language Revitalization”, contained in [Reyhner 2009], 2009, pages 183–190.

Abstract: This paper describes a small scale collaborative effort between a linguist and a native speaker, who is also a language educator, to collect Blackfoot lullabies to use as language teaching and learning tools. We discuss the implications of using lullabies in language revitalization and describe our fieldwork of lullaby collection, data organization and the transcription of lyrics and melody.

[Miyata 1991] Kōhachirō Miyata (died 1938); David Lewiston (producer); David Loeb (liner notes). Shakuhachi - The Japanese Flute, Elektra Nonesuch Records, 9-72076-2, 5 tracks, May 14, 1991, total time 33:17, ASIN B000005IWN, Audio CD. First released in 1977 on an LP record as Nonesuch H-72076. Contains 5 songs.

Two citations: Hon Shirabe - Sheet Music for Native American Flute (2)

[Mjoseth 2007] Jeannine Mjoseth and Mamie Bittner. “3D Scanner May Save Vanishing Languages from Extinction”, September 20, 2007.

One citation: A Brief History of the Native American Flute

[Mockingbird 2005] Mockingbird. Drenched, 2005.

One citation: Simple Gifts - Sheet Music for Native American Flute

[Moll 2002] Laura A. Moll. “Strategies Used in O’odham Creation Legends to Present Cultural Values”, Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Symposium about Language and Society - Austin, April 12-14, 2002, Texas Linguistic Forum, Volume 45, 2002, pages 117–126.

One citation: Tribal Identification

[Monastra 2005] Vincent J. Monastra, Steven Lynn, Michael Linden, Joel F. Lubar, John Gruzelier, and Theodore J. LaVaque. “Electroencephalographic Biofeedback in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder”, Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, Volume 30, Number 2, June 2005, pages 95–114, doi:10.1007/s10484-005-4305-x. Publication 16013783 on PubMed/NCBI (subscription access).

Abstract: Historically, pharmacological treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been considered to be the only type of interventions effective for reducing the core symptoms of this condition. However, during the past three decades, a series of case and controlled group studies examining the effects of EEG biofeedback have reported improved attention and behavioral control, increased cortical activation on quantitative electroencephalographic examination, and gains on tests of intelligence and academic achievement in response to this type of treatment. This review paper critically examines the empirical evidence, applying the efficacy guidelines jointly established by the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB) and the International Society for Neuronal Regulation (ISNR). On the basis of these scientific principles, EEG biofeedback was determined to be “probably efficacious” for the treatment of ADHD. Although significant clinical improvement was reported in approximately 75% of the patients in each of the published research studies, additional randomized, controlled group studies are needed in order to provide a better estimate of the percentage of patients with ADHD who will demonstrate such gains in clinical practice.

[Montagu 2004] Jeremy Montagu. “How Old is Music?”, The Galpin Society Journal, Volume 57, May 2004, pages 171–182. Publication 25163800 on JSTOR (subscription access).

[Montagu 2005] Jeremy Montagu. “On the Measurement of the Musical Scales of Various Nations and Introducting the Ellis”, 2005, 5 pages.

[Montagu 2007] Jeremy Montagu. Origins and Development of Musical Instruments, published by Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2007, 257 pages, ISBN 0-8108-5657-3 (978-0-8108-5657-8), hardcover.

[Montgermont 2008] N. Montgermont, B. Fabre, and P. De La Cuadra. “Gesture Synthesis: Basic Control of a Flute Physical Model”, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 123, Number 5, 2008, pages 5698–5702.

Abstract: In the flute family, the oscillation is due to the instability of a jet at the output of a channel coupled with an acoustic resonator. Recent physical models allows to simulate the behavior of the complete instrument, but we still lack a convincing way to drive them. The simulation of the isolated instrument must be completed with a modelization of the control exerted by the flutist. Depending of the instrument of the flute family, the number and type of control parameters are differents. For example, in a recorder the player blows inside a fixed channel built by the instrument maker and in the case of the transverse flute, the channel is shaped by the player's lips during the playing. This paper presents a simple model of flute player, based on measurements carried on instrumentalists playing on a recorder or a transverse flute. The model is generating the basic features of the instrument control in order to produce given pitches and dynamics. The coupling with a flute physical model allows to study its validity.

[Monzo 1998] Joseph L. Monzo. JustMusic — A New Harmony Representing Pitch as Prime Series, Third Edition, December 1998, 212 pages.

[Monzo 2000] Joseph L. Monzo. “A New Reconstruction of the Hurrian Hymn”, Encyclopedia of Tuning, 2000, retrieved September 28, 2011.

[Monzo 2002] Joseph L. Monzo. “Speculations on Sumerian Tuning”, updated August 10, 2002, retrieved December 9, 2011.

[Moon-GP 1917] Grace Purdie Moon; Karl Moon (photograph). “The Indian Flute-Song”, St. Nicholas, Volume 44, Part 2, published by The Century Co., New York, June 1917, page 688.

One citation: Poetry for the Native American Flute

[Moon-KR 2010] Krystyn R. Moon. “The Quest for Music’s Origin at the St. Louis World’s Fair: Frances Densmore and the Racialization of Music”, American Music, Volume 28, Number 2, published by the University of Illinois Press, Summer 2010, pages 191–210. Publication 10.5406/americanmusic.28.2.0191 on JSTOR (subscription access).

[Mooney 1894] James Mooney (died 1861). The Siouan Tribes of the East, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 22, published by the United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1894, 101 pages.

[Mooney 1894a] James Mooney. The Collected Works of James Mooney, Part One, published on Archive.org, 7 tracks, 1894, retrieved on April 16, 2010. Contains 7 songs.

[Mooney 1894b] James Mooney. The Collected Works of James Mooney, Part Two, published on Archive.org, 5 tracks, 1894, retrieved on April 16, 2010. Contains 5 songs.

[Mooney 1896] James Mooney. “The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890”, Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1892-93, Part 2, published by the United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1896, pages 641–1136. J. W. Powell, Director. Contains 18 songs.

[Mooney 1898] James Mooney. “Calendar History of the Kiowa”, Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1895-96, Part 1, published by the United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1898, pages 129–468.

One citation: Names of the Native American Flute

[Moore 1916] Clarence B. Moore (died 1852). “Some Aboriginal Sites on the Green River, Kentucky — Certain Aboriginal Sites on the Lower Ohio River - Additional Investigations on the Mississippi River”, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Volume 16, Philadelphia, 1916, pages 431–511. Cornell University Library call number E74.M6 M63. See the Archive.Org web site

[Moore-G 1991] Gerald Moore. Native American Tunes — in three and four part settings for SAT & SATB Recorders or Flutes (song book), Susato Press Native American Music Series, published by Susato Press, Brasstown, NC 28902. Catalog number FOS04. See the Susato Press web site

From the Susato web site: Music in three and four part settings by Gerald Moore. For SAT (Soprano/Alto/Tenor) and SATB (Soprano/Alto/Tenor/Bass) Recorders or Flutes. Plus 14 settings of tunes from Susato Edition FOS03 (previous edition)

[Moore-G A] Gerald Moore. Eight Native American Songs & Dances — in 3-Part Settings for Native American Flutes, Pennywhistles, or Soprano, Alto and Tenor Recorders (song book), Susato Press Native American Music Series, published by Susato Press, Brasstown, NC 28902, comb binding. Catalog number FOS36. See the Susato Press web site

[Moore-RS 1991] Randall S. Moore. “Comparison of Children's and Adults' Vocal Ranges and Preferred Tessituras in Singing Familiar Songs”, Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, Number 107, Winter 1991, pages 13–22. Publication 40318417 on JSTOR (subscription access).

Abstract: Two studies investigated children's and adults 1 potential vocal ranges and preferred tessituras in singing familiar songs. The first study tested 90 children's singing ranges and their chosen tonalities for singing "America." The second study recorded 100 pre-service teachers' singing ranges and their selected tonalities for singing familiar songs. Results indicated that both sets of subjects had nearly identical range spans for singing: children averaged 24.5 semitones and adults, 24.8 semitones. Children's mean range was higher (G₃ to G#₄) than adult females (E₃ to F₃). Mean tessitura findings revealed that all subjects regardless of age sang familiar songs in the bottom part of their potential singing range, that is, 5 semitones above their lowest vocal limit and 10 semitones below their highest vocal limit. Findings suggest that teachers and children may unwittingly sing in low tessituras unless reminded to lift their voices. Teacher education programs are encouraged to alert new teachers to perform songs in suitable ranges for children.

[Moorehead 1891] Warren K. Moorehead (died 1866). “The Indian Messiah and the Ghost Dance”, The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, Volume 13, Number 3, May 1891, pages 161–167.

[Moorehead 1894] Warren K. Moorehead. “The Sioux Messiah”, The Archaeologist, Volume 2, Numbers 5 and 6, May and June 1894, pages 146–149 and 168–170.

[Moorehead 1900] Warren K. Moorehead. Prehistoric Implements — A Reference Book: a description of the ornaments, utensils, and implements of pre-Columbian man in America, published by, R. Clarke, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1900, 431 pages.

[Moorehead 1905] Warren K. Moorehead. Prehistoric Relics — an illustrated catalogue describing some eight hundred and fifty different specimens, comp. from the standard authorities in archaeology, published by, The Andover Press, Andover, Massachusetts, 1905, 165 pages.

[Moorehead 1911] Warren K. Moorehead. The Stone Age in North America — An Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Implements, Ornaments, Weapons, Utensils, Etc of the Prehistoric Tribes in North America, In Two Volumes, published by, Constable, London, 1911, 457+417 pages. Reissued in [Moorehead 1987].

[Moorehead 1917] Warren K. Moorehead. Stone Ornaments Used by Indians in the United States and Canada — being a description of certain charm stones, gorgets, tubes, bird stones and problematical forms, published by, A. H. Clark and The Andover Press, Cleveland, Ohio and Andover, Massachusetts, 1917, 448 pages. alternate title: "Stone ornaments of the American Indian".

[Moorehead 1987] Warren K. Moorehead. The Stone Age in North America — An Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Implements, Ornaments, Weapons, Utensils, Etc of the Prehistoric Tribes, published by, Depot, Ltd., December 1987. Reissue of [Moorehead 1911].

[Moorehead 2007] Warren K. Moorehead. The American Indian In The United States, 1850–1914, published by, Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007, 468 pages, ISBN 0-548-32105-1 (978-0-548-32105-8).

[Moos 1894] Jean Moos. “The Harmonic Nature of Musical Scales”, Music, Volume 6, published by The Music Magazine Publishing Company, Chicago, May – October 1894, pages 13–36, 151–162, and 293–300.

[MorenoGarcia 2006] Marta Moreno-García and C. Pimenta. “O aerofone de Cacela — Notas sobre a identificação osteológica e taxonómica de um instrumento musical «The aerophone Cacela - Notes on osteological identification and taxonomy of a musical instrument»”, O Arqueólogo Português, Série IV, 24, in Portuguese, 2006, pages 401–410.

Abstract: In this paper we present the anatomical and taxonomical identification of a small musical instrument of five holes fashioned from bone. This item was one of the archaeological objects collected by Estácio da Veiga at Cacela at the end of the 19th century. In spite of it having entered the MNA in 1894 it remained unpublished. Comparison with bone elements present in the vertebrate reference collection of the Archaeozoology Lab at the IPA and observation of the bone section from both endings allow us to identify it as the right tibiotarsus (leg bone) of a Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), a long-legged bird commonly found in the salty and moorland areas of the Algarve coast. Issues related to ethnomusicology and “archaeomusicology” of the Iberian Peninsula, where wind musical instruments showing some similarities to this one from Cacela occur, are discussed.

[Morey 1997] Carl Morey. Music in Canada: a research and information guide, Annotated Edition, Music Research and Information Guides, published by Routledge, 1997, 304 pages, ISBN 0-8153-1603-8 (978-0-8153-1603-9), ASIN 0815316038, hardcover.

[Morey A] Robert James Morey. Fanfare for the American Indian

[Morford 2007] James B. Morford. A Study of the Pedagogy of Selected Non-Western Musical Traditions in Collegiate World Music Ensembles, Master of Music In Music Education dissertation - Division of Music, College of Creative Arts, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 2007, 98 pages.

Abstract: Music teachers are often influenced by pedagogical practices in the collegiate ensembles in which they performed. Opportunities to participate in collegiate world music ensembles have increased in recent decades; West African ensembles and steel bands represent the second and third most common of these in the United States. The absence of scholarly research regarding the nature of the teaching and learning processes that occur in these non-Western ensembles represents a significant problem in music education. In this study, two collegiate West African ensemble directors and two collegiate steel band directors were interviewed using an instrument developed by the researcher to investigate the pedagogical practices that occur in their ensembles. Content analysis revealed that considerable consistencies and discrepancies exist between the directors’ responses regarding teaching strategies, repertoire selection, and educational goals. Results indicate that the development of broadly applicable world music pedagogy is not appropriate.

[Morgan 1851] Lewis H. Morgan (died 1818). League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee or Iroquois, Rochester, New York, 1851, 477 pages. Reissued in [Morgan 1901] , [Morgan 1922] , and [Morgan 1995] . (another edition of this reference)

[Morgan 1877] Lewis H. Morgan. Ancient Society, published by MacMillan & Company, London, 1877. Reissued in [Morgan 1944].

[Morgan 1901] Lewis H. Morgan. League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee or Iroquois, published by Dodd and Mead, New York, 1901. Reissue of [Morgan 1851] . (another edition of this reference)

[Morgan 1904] Lewis H. Morgan; Herbert M. Lloyd (editor of additional matter) (born 1862). League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee or Iroquois, Two volumes in one, New Edition, published by Dodd, Mead and Company, New York, 1904, 676 pages. Reissue of [Morgan 1851] . (another edition of this reference)

[Morgan 1922] Lewis H. Morgan; Herbert M. Lloyd (editor of additional matter). League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee or Iroquois, Two volumes in one, New Edition, published by Dodd, Mead and Company, New York, 1922, 676 pages. Reissue of [Morgan 1851] . Contains 1 song.

One citation: Names of the Native American Flute

[Morgan 1944] Lewis H. Morgan; Tariq Sharif (composition). Ancient Society, First Indian Edition, published by Bharti Library, Booksellers & Publishers, 145 Cornwallis Street, Calcutta, 1944. Reissue of [Morgan 1877], Reissued online in [Morgan 2004].

[Morgan 1995] Lewis H. Morgan. League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee or Iroquois, published by World Publications, Massachusetts, 1995, 124 pages, ISBN 1-57215-124-2 (978-1-57215-124-6), ASIN 1572151242. Reissue of [Morgan 1851] . (another edition of this reference)

[Morgan 2004] Lewis H. Morgan; Ibne Hasan (transcription). “Ancient Society”, published by the Marxist Internet Archive, 2004, retrieved March 13, 2010. transcribed from the 1944 edition. Reissue of [Morgan 1944]. See the Ancient Society web site

[Morley 2003] Iain Morley. The Evolutionary Origins and Archaeology of Music: An Investigation into the Prehistory of Human Musical Capacities and Behaviours, Using Archaeological, Anthropological, Cognitive and Behavioural Evidence, Ph.D. Dissertation - Cambridge University, Darwin College Research Report, DCRR–002, published by Cambridge Universith, Cambridge, October 2003, 265 pages. Electronic Edition January 12, 2006. Report DCRR-002.

Two citations: The Development of Flutes in Europe and Asia (2)

Excerpt from the Abstract: The research presented in this dissertation examines the evidence for the emergence of the capacities underlying musical behaviours, their interrelationship, development and ultimate manifestation in the Palaeolithic. A multidisciplinary approach is taken ... A synthesis of the findings from these various disciplines and sources of evidence concludes the thesis, proposing that musical capacities have their foundations in inter-specific tonal emotional vocal expression, and rhythmic-motor coordination of corporeal musculature in the execution of such vocalisations. These increased in complexity throughout the Homo lineage, and diverged from linguistic capacities with the development of lexicon and syntax; symbolic associations and diversity occurred with Homo sapiens, who were carrying out sophisticated instrumental musical behaviours upon their arrival in Europe.

[Morris 1925] Earl H. Morris (died 1889). “Exploring the Canyon of Death: Remains of a People Who Dwelt in Our Southwest at Least 4,000 Years Ago are Revealed”, The National Geographic Magazine, Volume 48, Number 3, September 1925, pages 263–300.

Two citations: Anasazi Flutes from the Broken Flute Cave, The Development of Flutes in North America

[Morris 1936] Earl H. Morris. “Early Date Archaeology”, Tree Ring Bulletin, Volume 2, Number 4, April 1936, pages 34–36.

One citation: The Development of Flutes in North America

[Morris 1938] Earl H. Morris. “Mummy Cave”, Natural History Magazine, Volume 42, Number 2, September 1938, pages 127–138.

[Morris 1939] Earl H. Morris. Archaeological Studies in the La Plata District, Southwestern Colorado and Northwestern New Mexico, published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C., 1939. Publication 519.

[Morris 1954] Earl H. Morris and Robert F. Burgh. “Basketmaker II Sites near Durango, Colorado”, Carnegie Institution Monograph Series, Publication 604, Washington, D.C., 1954, 135 pages, 116 illustrations.

One citation: The Development of Flutes in North America

[Morris-EA 1959] Elizabeth Ann Morris. “Basketmaker Flutes from the Prayer Rock District, Arizona”, American Antiquity, Volume 24, Number 4, April 1959, pages 406–411. Publication 276601 on JSTOR (subscription access).

Five citations: Flutopedia Image Detail: Detail of the Feather Decoration of an Anasazi Flute, Anasazi Flutes from the Broken Flute Cave (3), The Flutes of Pueblo Bonito

[Morris-EA 1959a] Elizabeth Ann Morris. Basketmaker Caves in the Prayer Rock District, Northeastern Arizona, doctoral dissertation - Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tuscon, 1959. Same title as [Morris-EA 1980], but this is a different publication.

[Morris-EA 1980] Elizabeth Ann Morris. “Basketmaker Caves in the Prayer Rock District, Northeastern Arizona”, Anthropological Papers, Number 35, published by the University of Arizona Press, Tuscon, Arizona, June 1, 1980, xvi + 158 pages, ISBN 0-8165-0499-7 (978-0-8165-0499-2), softcover. Same title as [Morris-EA 1959a], but this is a different publication. Library of Congress call number 79-020149.

Two citations: Anasazi Flutes from the Broken Flute Cave, The Development of Flutes in North America

[Morris-F 1913] Frances Morris (died 1866). Catalog of the Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments: Oceanica and America, Volume 2, published by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1913, xxi + 333 pages. Title page says 1904, Copyright is December 1913.

Five citations: Names of the Native American Flute (5)

[Morris-R 2007] Rebecca Morris. A Shroud of Ochre - A Study of Pre-Contact Mortuary Ochre Use in North America, Masters thesis - University of Leicester, April 2007, 81 pages, ISBN-13 978-3-640-60785-3 (e-book), 978-3-640-60768-6 (book), doi:10.3239/9783640607853

One citation: The Development of Flutes in North America

Abstract: Only recently has the study of ochre use in mortuary contexts by prehistoric groups taken a key place in archaeological research. Most often, this research has primarily taken the form of debates over ochre’s purpose and significance among these people. To date, no study has researched the extent of Pre-Contact mortuary ochre use in North America or the cultural characteristics common among its practitioners. This study seeks to establish patterns of commonality based on a comparison of ten North American prehistoric groups whose mortuary ochre use is well-documented. Using a criterion of eight cultural traits that are common indicators of cultural complexity, the study examines the hypothesis that the use of ochre in burials was more commonly found in complex societies. The results, although inconclusive in determining the viability of the hypothesis, indicate patterns of cultural commonality and help to define the spatial and temporal distribution of those groups who used ochre in mortuary contexts.

[Morris-SP 2007] S. P. Morris and R. Laffineur. Epos. Reconsidering Greek Epic and Aegean Bronze Age Archaeology, Aegaeum 28, Proceedings of the 11th International Aegean Conference, Los Angeles, UCLA - The J. Paul Getty Villa, 20 - 23 April 2006, published by the Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium, 2007.

[Morse 1926] Constance Morse. Music and Music-Makers, published by Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, 1926, 364 pages.

[Morse 1968] Constance Morse. Music and Music-Makers, 1968. Library of Congress call number 68-54363.

[Moss 1919] Claude Russell Moss and A. L. Kroeber. “Nabaloi Songs”, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Volume 15, Number 2, published by the University of California Press, Berkeley, May 19, 1919, pages 187–206. Contains 14 songs.

[Moss 2004] Donald Moss. “Heart Rate Variability and Biofeedback”, Psychophysiology Today: The Magazine for Mind-Body Medicine, Volume 1, 2004, pages 4–11.

Abstract: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a critical marker of a healthy organism. Low HRV predicts greater morbidity and mortality after heart attack, and also predicts death by all causes. HRV biofeedback can increase the adaptive and coherent variability in heart rate, and moderate the symptoms of asthma, COPD, and other autonomically mediated medical conditions. Diaphragmatic breathing, cognitive relaxation, and positive emotion are conducive to optimal increases in HRV.

[Moss 2010] Donald Moss. “Two Hearts on the Path to Heartful Living”, contained in [Bhave 2010], 2010, pages 201–210.

Abstract: The present chapter describes two hearts, viz. the bio-electric pump of anatomy and the human heart of poetry and philosophy. This latter heart is the centre of the soul, the abode of love, caring and emotion. The chapter introduces phenomenology as an approach aiming to illuminate the individual's immediate experience of the body of life, and of health and illness. It describes the intertwining of the scientific heart and the human heart in emotion and in illness. The human lives are swept in Immediate emotion and feeling, and this subjective emotion impacts the medical and the poetic heart at once. Living heart-fully as a pathway toward heart health is advocated.

[Moule 1914] Arthur Evans Moule (died 1836). The Chinese People; A Handbook on China, published by the E. S. Gorham, New York, 1914, 469 pages.

[MR 2011] Mississippi Records and Canary Records. Brass Pins And Match Heads: International 78s, Mississippi Records and Canary Records, MR-083 and 004, 13 tracks, 2011, audio LP.

Twelve citations: Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized by Culture (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically (3), Ethnographic Flute Recordings of North America - Organized Chronologically (3)

[Mullen 2003] Nicole Mullen; Ira Jacknis, Barbara Takiguchi and Liberty Winn (contributors). “Ishi: A Yahi Indian”, published by the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, 2003, 26 pages. Teaching tool for grades 4-6.

[Muller 1996] Dario Müller. The American Indianists, two CDs, Volume 1 and 2, Marco Polo, 8.223715 and 8.223738, October 31, 1996, ASIN B00000463I, audio CD.

One citation: The Indianist Movement

[Muller-M 1988] Mette Müller. “Reed-Pipe of the Vikings or the Slavs? — An early find from the Baltic Region”, contained in [Hickmann 1988], 1988.

[Mumford 1981] Bryan D. Mumford. “Fipple Flute”, United States Design Patent D258,364, issued February 24, 1981, 2 pages, retrieved December 5, 2009.

One citation: Patents and Patent Applications Related to Flute Construction

[Munzel 2002] S. Münzel, F. Seeberger, and W. Hein. “The Geißenklösterle Flute-Discovery, Experiments, Reconstruction”, contained in [Hickmann 2002], 2002, pages 107–118.

[Munzel 2004] Susanne C. Münzel and Nicholas J. Conard. “Change and Continuity in Subsistence during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in the Ach Valley of Swabia (South-west Germany)”, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, Volume 14, published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2004, pages 225–243, doi:10.1002/oa.758

One citation: The Development of Flutes in Europe and Asia

Abstract: This paper examines the faunal assemblages from Middle Palaeolithic cave sites in the Ach Valley and views them in a broader chronological context along with the Upper Palaeolithic assemblages of the region. We present data from the key Middle Palaeolithic sites of Geißenklösterlen, Sirgenstein, Große Grotte and Kogelstein. Except Kogelstein, which is a hyena den, the other three sites served as cave bear hibernation dens, where cave bear is the most abundant species. The most frequent game species during the Upper Palaeolithic are horse, mammoth and reindeer. But these animals are mainly represented by specific skeletal elements, which were important as raw material for the production of organic tools. The large variety of organic tools made from bone, antler, and ivory, and the refuse resulting from their production in Upper Palaeolithic layers stands incontrast to the extreme rarity of organic tools and production debris in Middle Palaeolithic layers. The faunal assemblages in the Ach Valley document continuity in the seasonal use of the landscape and the preferred game, but reflect changes in the use of sites and organic technology between the Middle and the Upper Palaeolithic. Based on the faunal and lithic assemblages from the caves of the Ach Valley, most of the sites were used more intensively in the Upper Palaeolithic than in the Middle Palaeolithic. If these assemblages provide representative samples, the available data suggest lower population densities and greater mobility of Neanderthals during the Middle Palaeolithic than of modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic.

[Murie 1981] James R. Murie and Douglas R. Parks. Ceremonies of the Pawnee, Two Volumes, Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, Number 27, published by the Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1981, viii + 497 pages.

[Myers 1993] Helen Myers. Ethnomusicology: Historical and Regional Studies, Volume 2 of The Norton/Grove handbooks in music, Volume 2 of Ethnomusicology, published by W. W. Norton & Company, 1993, 541 pages, ISBN 0-393-03378-3 (978-0-393-03378-6).

Publisher's description: Complementing Ethnomusicology: An Introduction, this volume of studies, written by world-acknowledged authorities, places the subject of ethnomusicology in historical and geographical perspective. Part I deals with the intellectual trends that contributed to the birth of the discipline in the period before World War II. Organized by national schools of scholarship, the influence of 19th-century anthropological theories on the new field of "comparative musicology" is described. In the second half of the book, regional experts provide detailed reviews by geographical areas of the current state of ethnomusicological research.

[Myres 1899] John Nowell Linton Myres and Max Hermann Ohnefalsch-Richter. A Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum, with a chronicle of excavations undertaken since the British occupation, and introductory notes on Cypriote archaeology, published by The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1899.