References - A

This page lists references with citation tags that begin with the letter A. For other references and a documentation on how these references are cited, see the main references page. You can also click on these direct links to the various pages:

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References - A

[Abate 2009] Ezra Abate. “Ethiopian Kiñit (scales) — Analysis of the formation and structure of the Ethiopian scale system”, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, edited by Svein Ege, Harald Aspen, Birhanu Teferra and Shiferaw Bekele, Trondheim, Germany, 2009, pages 1213–1224.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyze and categorize the different scales (Kiñits), which are found in Ethiopia, because the point has been and is controversial. This study will divide the entire country in to three zones, and will try to analyze their musical structures, and then come up with clear (accurate) ideas about the Ethiopian scale structures. The study finding might resolve some of the controversial points. For the purpose of analysis different representative musical materials are recorded from different areas of the country, and sample materials were selected and analyzed.

[Abbott 2006] Clifford Abbott. “Oneida Language Tools”, published by the University of Wisconsin Green Bay, Green Bay, Wisconsin, 2006, retrieved October 28, 2012. See the Oneida Language Tools

One citation: Names of the Native American Flute

[Abdo-J 1976] Joe Abdo, Sr., Quentin Bruguier, Lorenzo Dion, Asa Primeaux, Sr., Francis Primeaux, Duane Shields, Joseph Shields, Sr., and Philomene Dion. Program notes and translations of songs by Joseph Shields, Sr., and Joe Abdo, Sr. Yankton Sioux Peyote Songs, Taos, New Mexico, Indian Records, IH 4371-4374, 1976, four 12" 33 1/3 RPM discs, monophonic. Recorded at Lake Andes, South Dakota, July 6, 1976.

[Abraham 1906] Otto Abraham and Erich Moritz von Hornbostel. “Phonographierte Indianermelodien aus Britisch-Columbia «Indian Melodies from British Columbia Recorded on the Phonograph»”, Anthropological Papers, Written in Honor of Franz Boas, published by Stechert, New York, in German, 1906, pages 447–474.

[Abraham 1975] Otto Abraham and Erich Moritz von Hornbostel; Bruno Nettl (translation). “Phonographierte Indianermelodien aus Britisch-Columbia «Indian Melodies from British Columbia Recorded on the Phonograph»”, contained in [Wachsmann 1975], Volume 1, 1975, pages 299–322.

[Abraham-RH 2006] Ralph H. Abraham and William Irwin Thompson. “The Canon of Lespugue”, The Epigraphic Society Occasional Papers (ESOP), Volume 24, 2006, pages 170–175.

Two citations: Venus of Lespugue (2)

Abstract: Linear measurements taken from the Venus of Lespugue, a 25,000 year old sculpture, closely match the diatonic scale of the Vedic Aryans, also known as the Dorian mode of the ancient Greeks.

[Accord 2005] Accord Song. Indian Legend — Last Frontier, published by Blue Music SRL, Accord Song, 528, 10 tracks, 2005, EAN 5-901448-275287. See the Accord Song web site. Contains 10 songs.

[Adams 2001] Cecil Adams. “Does "Indian" derive from Columbus's description of Native Americans as "una gente in Dios"?”, October 25, 2001, retrieved March 15, 2012.

One citation: Tribal Identification

[Adamson 1934] T. Adamson. Folk Tales of the Coast Salish, Philadelphia, 1933.

[Adduci 2011] Michael Douglas Adduci. Dynamic Measurement of Intraoral Pressure and Sound Pressure with Laryngoscopic Characterization During Oboe Performance, Doctoral Dissertation - University of North Texas, December 2011, 105 pages.

One citation: Breath Pressure in Native American Flutes and Ethnic Wind Instruments

Abstract: Measurements of intraoral pressure (IOP) and sound pressure level (SPL) were taken of four oboists as they performed two sets of musical exercises: (1) crescendo-decrescendo from pp to ff and back to pp on the pitches D4, G4, C5 and A5, and (2) straight and vibrato performances of the same four pitches at mf. Video images of the vocal tract were also made using flexible fiberoptic nasoendoscopy (FFN). IOP and SPL data were captured in real time by the WinDaq®/Lite software package, with the dB meter located 8-9 inches in directly front of the oboe bell.

The study yielded minimum and maximum values from 21.04 to 57.81 mm Hg and from 65.53 to 100.89 dB across all pitches examined. Discussion is included for the following topics: (1) the oboe’s sound envelope, or functional range of IOP and SPL values at different pitch levels, including the nonlinearity in the relationship between IOP and SPL on the oboe, (2) the static activation and kinetic maintenance thresholds for reed vibration, (3) the effect of vibrato on IOP/SPL, (4) the utilization of the vocal tract during execution of dynamic changes and vibrato, and (5) the impact of player experience on control of physical variables.

[ADHCP 2007] Agency for the Development of Heritage and Cultural Promotion (editor); Abderrazak Khechine (layout); Mohamed Ayeb and Gilles Mermet (photographs); Annemarie Driss (translation). The Splendours of Tunisian Mosaics, published by the Ministry of Culture and Heritage Conservation, June 2007, ISBN-13 978-9973-954-15-2, hardcover.

[Adler 2009] Daniel S. Adler. “Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition”, Nature, Number 460, published by Macmillan Publishing Ltd., August 6, 2009, pages 695–696, doi:10.1038/460695a. See the article abstract on the Nature web site

Abstract: Music is a ubiquitous element in our daily lives, and was probably just as important to our early ancestors. Fragments of ancient flutes reveal that music was well established in Europe by about 40,000 years ago.

[Adler-MA 1999] Michael A. Adler and Herbert W. Dick (editors). Picuris Pueblo Through Time: Eight Centuries of Change at a Northern Rio Grande Pueblo, published by the William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies, Southern Methodist University, 1999, 253 pages, ISBN 1-929531-00-1

[AFC 1966] American Folk Life, Archive of Folk Culture Staff. “A Brief List of Composers Utilizing American Indian Music”, retrieved Feburary 6, 2010. See the Library of Congress, Folklife web site

[Afflighemensis 1100] Johannes Afflighemensis. De Musica, in Latin, 1100, 64 pages. publication date is approximate.

Three citations: Flutopedia Image Detail: A page from De Musica, Solo-Drone Song Form, Flutopedia Image Detail: A page from De Musica

[AFLC 1982] American Folk Life Center. Ethnic Recordings in America: A Neglected Heritage, published by the Library of Congress, American Folklife Center, Washington, D.C., 1982, 269 pages, ISBN 0-8444-0339-3 (978-0-8444-0339-7).

[Aftanas 2002] L. I. Aftanas and S. A. Golocheikine. “Non-linear dynamic complexity of the human EEG during meditation”, Neuroscience Letters, Volume 330, Number 2, September 20, 2002, pages 143–146. Publication 12231432 on PubMed/NCBI (subscription access).

Abstract: We used non-linear analysis to investigate the dynamical properties underlying the EEG in the model of Sahaja Yoga meditation. Non-linear dimensional complexity (DCx) estimates, indicating complexity of neuronal computations, were analyzed in 20 experienced meditators during rest and meditation using 62-channel EEG. When compared to rest, the meditation was accompanied by a focused decrease of DCx estimates over midline frontal and central regions. By contrast, additionally computed linear measures exhibited the opposite direction of changes: power in the theta-1 (4–6 Hz), theta-2 (6–8 Hz) and alpha-1 (8–10 Hz) frequency bands was increased over these regions. The DCx estimates negatively correlated with theta-2 and alpha-1 and positively with beta-3 (22–30 Hz) band power. It is suggested that meditative experience, characterized by less complex dynamics of the EEG, involves ‘switching off’ irrelevant networks for the maintenance of focused internalized attention and inhibition of inappropriate information. Overall, the results point to the idea that dynamically changing inner experience during meditation is better indexed by a combination of non-linear and linear EEG variables.

[Agelink 2002] M. W. Agelink, C.Boz, H. Ullrich, and J. Andrich. “Relationship Between Major Depression and Heart Rate Variability. Clinical Consequences and Implications for Antidepressive Treatment”, Psychiatry Research, Volume 113, Number 1–2, December 15, 2002, pages 139–149. Publication 12467953 on PubMed/NCBI (subscription access).

Abstract: A high sympathetic and/or a low cardiovagal activity in patients with major depression (MD) may contribute to the higher cardiac morbidity and mortality of MD patients. Standardized tests of heart rate variability (HRV) allow a quantitative estimation of autonomic nervous system function. However, previous studies on the relationship between HRV and MD have revealed conflicting results. Our study compared time and frequency domain HRV indices (5-min resting study, deep breathing test, Valsalva test) between 32 patients with MD (DSM-III-R) and 64 non-depressed controls. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed by the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D); patients were divided into subgroups with moderate (M-HAM-D<25) or severe depressive symptoms (S-HAM-D>or=25). After controlling for age, gender and smoking, S-HAM-D patients showed a higher heart rate and a significantly lower modulation of cardiovagal activity compared to controls. Although some of the HRV indices of the M-HAM-D group did not differ significantly from controls, they were in the expected direction. There was a significantly negative correlation between the HAM-D scores and the vagal HRV indices, suggesting a direct association between the severity of depressive symptoms and the modulation of cardiovagal activity. Clinical consequences arising from these findings and possible implications for treatment are discussed.

[Agrell 2008] Jeffrey Agrell. Improvisation Games for Classical Musicians, published by GIA Publications, Chicago, Illinois, 2008, 354 pages, ISBN 1-57999-682-5 (978-1-57999-682-6).

[Ahrens 2005] Karl P. Ahrens. “Ocarinas with an Inner Liner and an Outer Shell”, United States Patent 6,872,876 B2, issued March 29, 2005, 6 pages, retrieved December 5, 2009.

Three citations: Fipple Designs for Native American Flutes, Patents and Patent Applications Related to Flute Construction, Flutopedia Image Detail: Figure 4 of U.S. Patent 6,872,876 B2

[Ainsworth 1975] Maryan Ainsworth. “A Flute in the Olsen Collection: Its Place in Pre-Columbian Music and Art”, Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin, Volume 35, Number 2, published by Yale University Press, Spring 1975, pages 26–33. Publication 40514174 on JSTOR (subscription access).

[Akgun 1967] N. Akgün and H. Ozgönül. “Lung Volumes in Wind Instrument (Zurna) Players”, The American Review of Respiratory Disease, Volume 96, Number 5, 1967, pages 946–951. Publication 6059203 on PubMed/NCBI (subscription access).

[Akikazu 1999] Nakamura Akikazu. Saji — The World of Zen Music, Denon, COCJ-30465, 1999, Audio CD.

Three citations: Hon Shirabe - Sheet Music for Native American Flute (3)

[al-Farabi 1976] Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī. al-Farabi (c.870–950) Kitab al-musiqa al-kabir (The Great Book of Music), ed. G.A. Khashab and M.A. al-Hafni, Cairo: Dar al-Katib al-'Arabi, 1967. «Kitāb al-mūsīqī al-kabīr», 1976.

One citation: Perfect Intervals

[Albrecht 2001] Gerd Albrecht, Claus-Stephan Holdermann, and Jordi Serangeli. “Towards an Archaeological Appraisal of Specimen No 652 from Middle-Palaeolithic level D / (layer 8) of the Divje Babe I”, Arheološki vestnik, Volume 52, 2001, pages 11–15.

Abstract: All examples of bones with holes from the period of the Middle Paleolithic and Early Upper Paleolithic that have been classified as flutes are discussed in this article. Evidence is offered suggesting that in fact they are not flutes. The suggested pipe from Divje babe I is also discussed, which would belong to the same group of pseudo-artifacts. It is probably not a flute but rather a bone that was pierced by some animal.

[Alden 1882] William L. Alden. “Sailor Songs”, Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Volume 65, Numer 286, July 1882, page 283.

Two citations: Shenandoah - Sheet Music for Native American Flute, Flutopedia Image Detail: Earliest Appearance of Shenandoah Sheet Music

[Allen 2004] Michael Graham Allen. Rainbird, Coyote Oldman Recordings, 2 CD set, 17 tracks, 2004, ASIN B0002235DK.

One citation: Indigenous North American Flutes

[Allen-J 2007] John Allen. “Photoplethysmography and its Application in Clinical Physiological Measurement”, Physiological Measurement, Volume 28, Number 3, 2007, pages R1–R39, doi:10.1088/0967-3334/28/3/R01

Abstract: Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a simple and low-cost optical technique that can be used to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue. It is often used non-invasively to make measurements at the skin surface. The PPG waveform comprises a pulsatile ('AC') physiological waveform attributed to cardiac synchronous changes in the blood volume with each heart beat, and is superimposed on a slowly varying ('DC') baseline with various lower frequency components attributed to respiration, sympathetic nervous system activity and thermoregulation. Although the origins of the components of the PPG signal are not fully understood, it is generally accepted that they can provide valuable information about the cardiovascular system. There has been a resurgence of interest in the technique in recent years, driven by the demand for low cost, simple and portable technology for the primary care and community based clinical settings, the wide availability of low cost and small semiconductor components, and the advancement of computer-based pulse wave analysis techniques. The PPG technology has been used in a wide range of commercially available medical devices for measuring oxygen saturation, blood pressure and cardiac output, assessing autonomic function and also detecting peripheral vascular disease. The introductory sections of the topical review describe the basic principle of operation and interaction of light with tissue, early and recent history of PPG, instrumentation, measurement protocol, and pulse wave analysis. The review then focuses on the applications of PPG in clinical physiological measurements, including clinical physiological monitoring, vascular assessment and autonomic function.

[Allen-SA 1916] Herbert Stanley Allen and Harry Moore. A Text-book of Practical Physics, published by Macmillan Publishing Ltd., 1916, 622 pages.

One citation: Octave Notation

[Ambrose 2001] Stanley H. Ambrose. “Paleolithic Technology and Human Evolution”, Science, Volume 291, Number 5509, March 2, 2001, pages 1748–1753, doi:10.1126/science.1059487. See the Science Magazine web site

One citation: The Development of Flutes in Europe and Asia

Abstract: Human biological and cultural evolution are closely linked to technological innovations. Direct evidence for tool manufacture and use is absent before 2.5 million years ago (Ma), so reconstructions of australopithecine technology are based mainly on the behavior and anatomy of chimpanzees. Stone tool technology, robust australopithecines, and the genus Homo appeared almost simultaneously 2.5 Ma. Once this adaptive threshold was crossed, technological evolution was accompanied by increased brain size, population size, and geographical range. Aspects of behavior, economy, mental capacities, neurological functions, the origin of grammatical language, and social and symbolic systems have been inferred from the archaeological record of Paleolithic technology.

[Ames 2003] Eric Ames. “The Sound of Evolution”, Modernism / Modernity, Volume 10, Number 2, published by The Johns Hopkins University Press, April 2003, pages 297–325, doi:10.1353/mod.2003.0030. E-ISSN: 1080-6601, Print ISSN: 1071-6068.

Abstract: This essay tracks the emergence of comparative musicology in Germany circa 1900, concentrating on the use of the phonograph by Carl Stumpf and Erich Moritz von Hornbostel, founders of the Berlin Phonogram Archive. The phonograph served as a scientific instrument for charting the evolution of music, based on recordings of "exotic melodies" performed at ethnographic exhibitions and other urban venues. Situating the discipline in the context of historical debates about evolution, colonialism, modernity, and mass culture, this essay argues that comparative musicology took shape and assumed resonance as a mode of phonographic discourse that aimed to make evolution audible.

[Amirkhanian 1972] Charles Amirkhanian. Early American Music, KPFA-FM, Broadcast date November 30, 1972. Contains 1 song.

[Amjad 2007] Fazel Asadi Amjad. “The Reed and the Aeolian Harp: Coleridge’s “The Aeolian Harp”, Rumi’s “The Song of the Reed” and Jubran’s "Al-Mawakib and Imaginal Perception"”, Mysticism Studies, Volume 5, Spring–Summer 2007, pages 13–32.

One citation: Poetry by Rumi

Abstract: The language of poetry is universal, for unlike other discourses it strikes the responsive chords in the imagination rather than a particular linguistic competence. This universal appeal stems from its archetypal imagery, music and elemental philosophical and mystical notions- at we call metaphorically the language of the soul, which triggers and finds response in man’s imagination. The language of literature manifests the deep affinity between apparently different cultures and emphasises that common aesthetic appreciation that is rooted in imaginal perception. Two archetypal images in this universal language are the reed and the Aeolian harp, the wind instruments that aptly manifest the common epistemological concerns of mysticism, Christian and Muslim, and the European Romanticism.

This article attempts to discuss the epistemological implications of these images as reflected in the poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi, the great Persian Sufi master and poet, Jubran Khalil Jubran, the modern Christian Arab poet and writer, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the English Romantic poet. The works selected for this study are “The Song of the Reed” which begins the Persian poet’s monumental Mathnawi, Jubran’s finest ode, Al-Mawakib (‘Procession’), and Coleridge’s “The Aeolian Harp”. These relatively short poems indicate the shared sensibility in the three traditions and reflect the basic elements of Sufi and Romantic epistemologies, which neither threaten the existence of truth nor deny the possibility of true perception. For the Sufis and Romantics, despite some fundamental differences, truth, at least in the cases of this study, is not transcendent but is present within a system of changing signs or relations and is perceived in a frame of mind or logic that accepts and unites the opposites in contradistinction to that which is based on the principle of non-contradiction.

[Amsden 1949] Charles Avery Amsden. Prehistoric Southwesterners from Basketmaker to Pueblo, published by the Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, 1949, 163 pages.

[Anderl 2006] Christoph Anderl and Halvor Eifring (editors). Studies in Chinese Language and Culture — Festschrift in Honour of Christoph Harbsmeier on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, published by Hermes Academic Publishing, Oslo, 2006, xlvi + 474 pages, including 14 colour pictures, ISBN 82-8034-051-3

[Anderson 1977] E. N. Anderson. “Review of Anderson, E. N.(1977). Hudson et al.: The Eye of the Flute: Chumash Traditional History and Ritual as Told by Fernando Librado Kitsepawit to John P. Harrington.”, Journal of California Anthropology, Volume 4, Number 1, 1977. See the web page on Escholarship.org

[Anderson-DG 2002] David G. Anderson and Robert C. Mainfort, Jr. The Woodland Southeast, published by The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, May 10, 2002, 680 pages, ISBN 0-8173-1137-8 (978-0-8173-1137-7).

One citation: The Breckenridge Flute

Publisher's description: The Woodland Period (ca. 1200 B.C. to A.D. 1000) has been the subject of a great deal of archaeological research over the past 25 years. Researchers have learned that in this approximately 2000-year era the peoples of the Southeast experienced increasing sedentism, population growth, and organizational complexity. At the beginning of the period, people are assumed to have been living in small groups, loosely bound by collective burial rituals. But by the first millennium A.D., some parts of the region had densely packed civic ceremonial centers ruled by hereditary elites. Maize was now the primary food crop. Perhaps most importantly, the ancient animal-focused and hunting-based religion and cosmology were being replaced by solar and warfare iconography, consistent with societies dependent on agriculture, and whose elites were increasingly in competition with one another. This volume synthesizes the research on what happened during this era and how these changes came about while analyzing the period's archaeological record.

In gathering the latest research available on the Woodland Period, the editors have included contributions from the full range of specialists working in the field, highlighted major themes, and directed readers to the proper primary sources. Of interest to archaeologists and anthropologists, both professional and amateur, this will be a valuable reference work essential to understanding the Woodland Period in the Southeast.

[Anderson-JM 1950] John M. Anderson. “Force and Form: The Shaker Intuition of Simplicity”, The Journal of Relition, Volume 30, Number 4, published by The University of Chicago Press, October 1950, pages 256–260. Publication 1199188 on JSTOR (subscription access).

One citation: Simple Gifts - Sheet Music for Native American Flute

[Anderson-L 2012] Lauren Anderson. “The Use of Singing and Playing Wind Instruments to Enhance Pulmonary Function and Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis”, MME dissertation - University of Kansas, November 27, 2012, 68 pages.

Abstract: Although Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is one of the most fatal and devastating lung diseases in the world, treatments to enhance lung capacity and Quality of Life (QOL) are still in their infancy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of music therapy, specifically singing or playing a wind instrument, on pulmonary function and QOL in children and adolescents with CF. Three participants with CF participated in this two week study, which consisted of two, thirty minute sessions a day, for a total of twenty sessions per person. The sessions for one week of the study included singing, playing the recorder or kazoo, and the other week included just talking, playing board games or playing video games. The Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) results and the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire (CFQ) results were used in this descriptive study as outcome variables. These data were collected three times throughout the study: pre-study, mid-study and post-study. For two participants, PFT results showed a higher increase during the music week than during the non-music week. For the third participant, he did not complete the study and only participated in the full non-music week and two days of the music week. His PFT results increased more during the non-music week. No significant trends were found when comparing the CFQ results. Suggestions for future research are discussed.

[Anderson-R 2005] Robert Anderson, Salwa El-Shawan Castelo-Branco, and Virginia Danielson. “Egypt, Ancient Music”, 2005, 39 pages.

[Anderson-RD 1976] R. D. Anderson; Grace Huxtable (drawings). Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum, Volume 3: Musical Instruments, Illustrated Edition, published by British Museum Publications Limited, 1976, viii + 87 pages with 150 illustrations, ISBN 0-7141-0919-3 (978-0-7141-0919-0), hardcover.

[Andersson 2003] Rani-Henrik Andersson. The Ghost Dance Among the Lakota Indians in 1890 — A Multidimensional Interpretation, Dissertation - University of Tampere, Finland, in English and Finnish, 2003, 435 pages, ISBN 951-44-5689-0. ISSN 1455-1616.

[Andreassi 2006] John L. Andreassi. Psychophysiology: Human Behavior and Physiological Response, Fifth edition, published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey, 2006, 560 pages, ISBN 0-8058-4951-3 (978-0-8058-4951-6).

[Andreopoulou 2008] Areti Andreopoulou. Modeling the Greek Aulos, Master of Music in Music Technology - The Steinhardt School, New York University, May 14, 2008, 96 pages.

[Andric 2011] Maja Andrič. “Lateglacial vegetation at Lake Bled and Griblje marsh (Slovenia): a comparison of (in Last Glacial Maximum) glaciated and non-glaciated landscapes”, contained in [Toskan 2011], 2011, pages 235–250.

One citation: The Development of Flutes in Europe and Asia

Abstract: The results of pollen analysis suggest that at the beginning of the Lateglacial interstadial (14300 cal. BP) an open woodland (Pinus, Betula) was growing at both study sites, but an increase of mesophilous deciduous trees (Quercus, Tilia, Ulmus), Betula and Picea at ca. 13800 cal. BP indicated further climatic warming, and the differences between study sites became apparent. Whereas in warmer southestern Slovenia (Griblje) Tilia and Betula were more abundant, pollen influx for these two taxa was much lower at Lake Bled, which was located in colder northwestern Slovenia in glaciated landscape and mountains. At both study sites a decline of tree taxa and an increase of herbs (Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia) suggest colder and drier conditions in the Younger Dryas.

[Anfinson 2003] John O. Anfinson; Thomas Madigan, Drew M. Forsberg, and Patrick Nunnally (contributors). River of History — A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, printed by, St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers, 2003, 201 pages.

One citation: The Beltrami Flutes - The Earliest Known Wooden Native American Flute

[Angulo 1931] Jaime de Angulo and Marguerite Béclard d'Harcourt. “La Musique des Indiens de la Californie du Nord”, Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, Volume 23, Number 1, in French, 1931, pages 189–228.

[Antoniadou 2012] Maria Antoniadou, Vasilios Michaelidis, and Venetia Tsara. “Lung Function in Wind Instrument Players”, Pneumon, Volume 25, Volume 2, April–June 2012, pages 180–183.

Abstract: Wind instrument playing requires adequate respiratory function and continuous control of air flow for the production of sound. Professional playing of a wind instrument may be considered to be continuous respiratory muscle training, with resultant improvement in lung function. Playing wind instruments, however, involves increased intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressures that may predispose to chronic respiratory, or other diseases and cerebrovascular events. This review summarizes the literature concerning the lung function of wind instrument players, the diseases related to wind instrument playing and the use of wind instruments for the prevention and therapy of chronic airway diseases such as obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) syndrome and asthma.

[Anzovin 2000] Steven Anzovin. Famous First Facts, International Edition, published by H. W. Wilson Company, 2000, ISBN 0-8242-0958-3

One citation: The Development of Flutes in the Americas

[Apel 1961] Willi Apel. The Notation of Polyphonic Music, 900–1600., Fifth edition, Publications of the Mediaeval Academy of America, number 38, published by the Mediaeval Academy of America., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1961.

One citation: Glossary of Native American Flute Terms

[Apel 1969] Willi Apel. Harvard Dictionary of Music, Second Edition, published by Harvard University Press, 1969, 935 pages, ISBN 0-674-37501-7 (978-0-674-37501-7).

One citation: Death Song of the Cherokee Indians - Sheet Music for Native American Flute

[Applegate 2008] Darlene Applegate. “Woodland Period”, contained in Volume 1 of [Pollack 2008], 2008, pages 339–604.

Two citations: The Development of Flutes in North America (2)

Introduction: The Woodland period (1000 B.C. to A.D. 1000) in Kentucky was a time of cultural continuities as well as cultural innovations. Food collection remained the prevailing subsistence pursuit, populations lived in mostly small communities for varying lengths of time, utilitarian tools were used for a variety of domestic tasks, and inter-regional contacts including long-distance trade continued. Overlaying these continuities, however, were technological, social, and ideological developments or intensifications, most notably the adoption or elaboration of pottery and textile industries, introduction of the bow and arrow, cultivation of indigenous plants, development of substantial housing and nucleated settlements, construction of earthworks, and elaboration of mortuary-ritual activities. The pace and impacts of these cultural changes varied widely across Kentucky.

[Arce 1998] José Pérez de Arce. “Sonido Rajado: The Sacred Sound of Chilean Pifilca Flutes”, The Galpin Society Journal, Volume 51, published by the Galpin Society, July 1998, pages 17–50. Publication 842759 on JSTOR (subscription access).

[Arce 2000] José Pérez de Arce. “Sonido Rajado II”, The Galpin Society Journal, Volume 53, published by the Galpin Society, April 2000, pages 233–253. Publication 842326 on JSTOR (subscription access).

Introduction: This is the second part of an article devoted to sonido rajado, the sound produced by certain South Andean flutes. In this second part the archaeological and historical documentation concerning this complex tube will be reviewed.

[Arce 2002] José Pérez de Arce. “Pre-Columbian Flute Tuning in the Southern Andes”, contained in [Hickmann 2002], in English and German, 2002, pages 291–309.

Abstract: Eine alte Art der Flötenstimmung ist in Chile bis heute erhalten. Sie basiert auf einer spezifischen Auffassung von Musik als kompositorischem, orchestralem, sozialem und rituellem Prozess, in dem alle Fragen der Tonhöhe wie auch melodische und rhythmische Merkmale der Klangfarbe untergeordnet sind. Dieser Prozess und diese Anschauung werden präkolumbischen Instrumenten gegenüber gestellt, und so soll ermöglicht werden, das Wesen dieser Instrumente besser zu verstehen, ebenso wie den möglichen Kontext, in dem diese Instrumente gespielt wurden.

An ancient type of flute style is obtained in Chile today. It is based on a specific understanding of music as a compositional, orchestral, social and ritual process in which all the questions of the pitch as well as melodic and rhythmic characteristics of the timbre are subordinate. This process and this view pre-Columbian instruments are compared, and so should be possible to understand better the nature of these instruments, as well as the possible context in which these instruments are played.

[Arce 2004] José Pérez de Arce. “Analisis de las Cualidades Sonoras de las Botellas Silbadoras Prehispanicas de los Andes «Analysis of the Sonic qualities of Pre-Hispanic Whistling Bottles of the Andes»”, Boletin del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, Number 9, in Spanish, 2004, pages 9–33. ISSN 0716-1530.

Abstract: We have no iconographic, historical or archaeological information that allows us to interpret the pre-Hispanic Andean whistling bottles. We do not know the reason for their great importance, duration, permanence and adaptability in the past. After studying their capacity for sound we discovered that they can produce different melodies depending on the techniques that are used to play them. The most interesting technique is to move the bottles with water inside, which produces the natural sound of liquid, filtered, amplified and modulated according to an acoustic pattern defined by the specific design of its internal structure. Contextual data suggests a funerary function. Strong psychoacoustic experiences produced when these bottles or flutes are used a certain way link them to the shamanistic world, establishing a relationship between flute, death and states of consciousness that could partly explain their importance in the great Andean cultures.

[Archabal 1977] Nina Marchetti Archabal. “Frances Densmore - Pioneer in the Study of American Indian Music”, contained in [Stuhler 1977], 1977, retrieved October 30, 2011.

[Arensburg 1989] B. Arensburg, A. M. Tillier, B. Vandermeersch, H. Duday, L. A. Schepartz, and Y. Rak. “A Middle Palaeolithic Human Hyoid Bone”, Nature, Volume 338, April 27, 1989, pages 758–760, doi:10.1038/338758a0

Two citations: A Brief History of the Native American Flute, The Evolution of Music - Flutopedia.com

Abstract: The origin of human language, and in particular the question of whether or not Neanderthal man was capable of language/speech, is of major interest to anthropologists but remains an area of great controversy. Despite palaeoneurological evidence to the contrary, many researchers hold to the view that Neanderthals were incapable of language/speech, basing their arguments largely on studies of laryngeal/basicranial morphology. Studies, however, have been hampered by the absence of unambiguous fossil evidence. We now report the discovery of a well-preserved human hyoid bone from Middle Palaeolithic layers of Kebara Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel, dating from about 60,000 years BP. The bone is almost identical in size and shape to the hyoid of present-day populations, suggesting that there has been little or no change in the visceral skeleton (including the hyoid, middle ear ossicles, and inferentially the larynx) during the past 60,000 years of human evolution. We conclude that the morphological basis for human speech capability appears to have been fully developed during the Middle Palaeolithic.

[Aristoxenus 1902] Aristoxenus (born c. 365 BCE); Henry Stewart Macran (editor) (1967–1937). Aristoxenou Harmonika Stoicheia «The Harmonics of Aristoxenus», published by Clarendon Press, 1902, 303 pages.

[Arroyo 2003] Rafael Pérez Arroyo and Syra Bonet. Music in the Age of the Pyramids, English Edition, published by Editorial Centro de Estudios Egipcios, Madrid, Spain, 2003, 511 pages, ISBN 84-932796-1-7, hardcover. See the Rafael Pérez Arroyo web site

[Arroyo 2006] Rafael Pérez Arroyo and Syra Bonet. Music in the Age of the Pyramids, Natural Acoustic Recordings, NAR-0010-01, with booklet in English and Spanish. NAR-0010-02, with booklet in French and German., 10 tracks, October 30, 2006.

[ARSC 1976] Association for Recorded Sound Collections. A preliminary directory of sound recordings collections in the United States and Canada, published by the New York Public Library, New York, 1967, 157 pages.

[Arsenault 2002] Joseph B. Arsenault. Quechua Worship Songs of Azángaro, Peru (song book), printed at Maryknoll, New York, 2002, 30 pages. Nakai tablature notation.

[Ashley-CW 1944] Clifford W. Ashley. The Ashley Book of Knots, First Edition, published by Doubleday & Company, 1944, 619 pages, ISBN 0-385-04025-3 (978-0-385-04025-9), hardcover.

Four citations: How to Tie the Block on a Native American flute (4)

[Ashmore 2000] Renita Freeman Ashmore. The Native American Flute, Master of Arts dissertation - California State University, published by California State University, Dominguez Hills, California, Fall 2000, 53 pages. UMI Microform number 1402444.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to make evident the evolution of the Native American culture and the role which the Native American flute and the music it produces have played in shaping that evolution. This study will demonstrate Indian philosophies, past and present, and how the sacred Native American flute music influences those philosophies. The study gives a description of the principles of Native music, based upon personal observation as well as the available sources of information. The material in this subject area is scarce. Reliable historical documentation, culturally specific teachings, and knowledge about the traditions of flute-making, performance, and philosophy are largely non-existent. However I have consulted the available research materials and writings. Additionally, I will refer to the ceremonies I have attended, referencing both the events which are open to outsiders as well as those viewed by invitation only.

[ASM 2001] Arizona State Museum. “Paths of Life: American Indians of the Southwest — Self-Guided Tour Teacher Materials”, published by the University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, August 9, 2001, 18 pages.

Twelve citations: Tribal Identification (11), Yaquis Deer Dance - Sheet Music for Native American Flute

[ASM 2001a] Arizona State Museum. “Paths of Life: American Indians of the Southwest — Student Activities”, published by the University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, August 14, 2001, 16 pages.

[Asmussen 2001] Robert Asmussen. Periodicity of Sinusoidal Frequencies as a Basis for the Analysis of Baroque and Classical Harmony: A Computer Based Study, doctoral dissertation - School of Music, The University of Leeds, September 2001.

Abstract: The thesis of this dissertation is that tonality is derived from very precise tonal relationships involving the first three primes. It is specifically asserted that within any piece of tonal music, with tonic being given as an octave equivalent of 1/1, the relative frequency for any note can be represented in the form (2/1)ˣ * (3/2)ʸ * (5/4)ᶻ, {x,y,z} ∈ Z. A database of chord progressions is electronically created and catalogued. Within this database, a higher rate of occurrence for the simplest chords of 5-limit just intonation is demonstrated. Listening experiments based upon the most commonly occurring chord progressions lend further support to the assertion that 5-limit just intonation is in fact the origin of Baroque tonality. Finally, a rule-based system that prioritises important tonal relationships is demonstrated by tuning several entire chorales according to the principles of 5-limit just intonation.

[Atema 2004] Jelle Atema. “Old Bone Flutes”, Pan, Volumne 23, Number 4, December 2004, pages 18–23.

[Atkinson-RC 1968] R. C. Atkinson and R. M. Shiffrin. “Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In Spence, K. W. and Spence, J. T. (editors), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, pp. 89–195.”, contained in [Spence-KW 1968], 1968, pages 89–195.

One citation: Lessons on Lessons - article by Clint Goss

[Atwater 1820] Caleb Atwater (1778–1867). Description of the Antiquities Discovered in the State of Ohio and Other Western States, Archaeologia Americana: Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society, Volume 1, 1820, pages 109–251. Reissued in [Atwater 1973].

Three citations: Flutopedia Image Detail: Woodcut in 1820 depicting a Hopewell Panpipe, The Development of Flutes in North America (2)

[Atwater 1973] Caleb Atwater. Description of the Antiquities Discovered in the State of Ohio and Other Western States, Antiquities in the New World, published by AMS Press for the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1973, 267 pages, ISBN 0-404-57351-7 (978-0-404-57351-5). Reissue of [Atwater 1820].

[August 2003] Christopher August. “Looking for Ishi: Insurgent Movements through the Yahi Landscape”, June 2003, pages 1397–1404.

Abstract: In 1911 a Yahi man wandered out of the Northern California landscape and into the twentieth century. He was immediately collected and installed at the just opened Anthropology Museum by Alfred Kroeber at the University of California's Parnassus Heights campus. Dedication invitations came from the U.C. Regents led by Phoebe Apperson Hearst. Maintaining the discretion of his indigenous culture this man would not divulge his name. Kroeber named him Ishi, the Yahi word for man.

These assembled facts introduce narrative streams that continue to unfold around us. To examine these contingent individuals, events and institutions collectively labeled Ishi myth is to examine our own position, our horizon.

Looking for Ishi is a series of interventions and appropriations of Ishi myth involving video installation, looping DVD, encrypted motion images, web work, streaming video, print objects, written and spoken word, and documentation of the author's own insurgent movements through the Yahi landscape.

[August-S 2008] Scott August. Kokopelli's Flute: The Complete Guide to the Anasazi Flute, published by Cedar Mesa Music, Los Angeles, California, 2008, 57 pages.

[August-S 2009] Scott August. “The Mojave-6 Flute”, published by Cedar Mesa Music, Los Angeles, California, 2009, retrieved September 15, 2010.

Two citations: Indigenous North American Flutes, Native American Flute - Map of Native American Flute Tunings

[August-S 2010] Scott August. “2010 Scott August Signature Anasazi Flute — The Lost Tuning”, published by Cedar Mesa Music, Los Angeles, California, 2010, retrieved October 11, 2011.

One citation: Native American Flute - Map of Native American Flute Tunings

[August-S 2011] Scott August; Andrew Rea (illustrations). The Complete Guide to the Native American Style Flute, Level: Beginning to Intermediate, published by Cedar Mesa Music, Los Angeles, California, 2011, 101 pages, ISBN-13 978-0-615-52776-5. See the Cedar Mesa Music web site

[Austin 1923] Mary Hunter Austin (1868–1934). The American Rhythm, published by Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1923.

[Aveni 2000] Anthony F. Aveni. Empires of Time, published by Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2000, ISBN 1-86064-602-6

One citation: The Development of Flutes in the Americas

[Azzurra 2001] Azzurra Music. American Natives, Azzura Music, TBP-11052, 11 tracks, 2001, total time 44:50, EAN 8-028980-045929. See the Azzurra Music web site. Contains 11 songs.